{"id":297,"date":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/?p=297"},"modified":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","slug":"artifitial-eye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/","title":{"rendered":"Umjetno oko - dokle je znanost stigla 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Umjetno oko &#8211; dokle je znanost stigla 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"642\" data-attachment-id=\"2431\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"850,642\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"\u043e\u043a\u043e\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?resize=850%2C642&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Od retinalnih implantata do umjetne mre\u017enice i transplantacije cijelog oka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideja o stvaranju umjetnog oka koje bi u potpunosti zamijenilo ljudsko oko i vratilo vid slijepim osobama dugo je pripadala uglavnom znanstvenoj fantastici. Posljednjih desetlje\u0107a, me\u0111utim, biomedicinski in\u017eenjering, mikroelektronika, neuroznanost i umjetna inteligencija postupno su ovu ideju po\u010deli pretvarati u pravi istra\u017eiva\u010dki zadatak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danas ve\u0107 postoje implantabilni sustavi koji mogu proizvesti vizualne senzacije putem elektri\u010dne stimulacije mre\u017enice ili mozga. Tako\u0111er su razvijene umjetne mre\u017enice koje reproduciraju neke od funkcija biolo\u0161ke mre\u017enice. Godine 2025. klini\u010dki rezultati sustava PRIMA pokazali su vra\u0107anje funkcionalnog sredi\u0161njeg vida u udjela pacijenata s uznapredovalom makularnom degeneracijom. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U kolovozu 2026. istra\u017eiva\u010di sa Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta za znanost i tehnologiju u Hong Kongu objavili su u <em>Prirodni materijali<\/em> novi sustav tzv <strong>THE-BRENA<\/strong>, koja predstavlja hemisferi\u010dnu umjetnu mre\u017enicu visoke rezolucije sa slikom u punoj boji i vrlo \u0161irokim vidnim poljem. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Priroda<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unato\u010d ovim impresivnim postignu\u0107ima, od 2026. godine znanost jo\u0161 uvijek nema umjetno oko koje bi se moglo postaviti na mjesto ljudskog oka i u potpunosti reproducirati njegove funkcije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160to je zapravo ljudsko oko?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Da bismo razumjeli slo\u017eenost zadatka, treba imati na umu da oko nije samo biolo\u0161ka kamera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ljudsko oko sadr\u017ei opti\u010dki sustav sastavljen od ro\u017enice, le\u0107e i drugih struktura koje fokusiraju svjetlost na mre\u017enicu. Mre\u017enica, s druge strane, nije jednostavan svjetlosni senzor. To je slo\u017eeno \u017eiv\u010dano tkivo koje sadr\u017ei fotoreceptore &#8211; \u0161tapi\u0107e i \u010dunji\u0107e &#8211; kao i mnoge druge vrste \u017eiv\u010danih stanica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Primljene informacije pretvaraju se u elektri\u010dne signale, koji se djelomi\u010dno obra\u0111uju ve\u0107 u mre\u017enici i zatim se putem vidnog \u017eivca prenose u mozak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stoga cjelovito umjetno oko mora istovremeno rje\u0161avati nekoliko razli\u010ditih in\u017eenjerskih i biolo\u0161kih problema:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>primiti svjetlo;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fokusirati sliku;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pretvaranje svjetlosti u elektri\u010dne signale;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obraditi vizualne informacije;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kodirati ove informacije na na\u010din kompatibilan sa \u017eiv\u010danim sustavom;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za prijenos signala u mozak;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za siguran rad u ljudskom tijelu;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>koristiti minimalnu koli\u010dinu energije;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biti biokompatibilan;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>i pouzdano funkcionira dugi niz godina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posljednji korak \u2013 komunikacija s ljudskim mozgom \u2013 ostaje jedna od najve\u0107ih prepreka stvaranju potpuno funkcionalnog umjetnog oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Projekt Argus II \u2013 jedan od prvih velikih uspjeha<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedan od najpoznatijih projekata u podru\u010dju umjetnog vida je <strong>Sustav retinalnih proteza Argus II<\/strong>, izvorno razvijen od strane Second Sight Medical Products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustav koristi malu kameru postavljenu na nao\u010dale. Kamera prima sliku koju obra\u0111uje vanjski procesor. Informacije se zatim prenose u ugra\u0111eni elektroni\u010dki sustav koji putem elektroda stimulira mre\u017enicu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argus II je dobio europsko odobrenje za upotrebu kod odre\u0111enih pacijenata s te\u0161kim gubitkom vida zbog retinitis pigmentosa, au velja\u010di 2013. dobio je odobrenje od FDA SAD-a prema proceduri izuze\u0107a humanitarnih ure\u0111aja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustav je bio va\u017ena demonstracija da elektroni\u010dki implantat mo\u017ee potaknuti korisnu umjetnu vizualnu percepciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Me\u0111utim, va\u017eno je napomenuti da Argus II nije potpuno umjetno oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustav ne zamjenjuje opti\u010dki sustav oka, ne reproducira normalnu mre\u017enicu i ne pru\u017ea prirodan vid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tako\u0111er, Argus II vi\u0161e nije trenutni komercijalni sustav. Proizvodnja i prodaja su obustavljene jer su se programeri usredoto\u010dili na sljede\u0107u generaciju tehnologije umjetnog vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1266806\/000156459020040021\/eyes-10q_20200630.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">SEK<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Harvard\/MIT i subretinalni implantati<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drugi va\u017ean istra\u017eiva\u010dki pristup razvili su timovi povezani s Massachusetts Eye and Ear i MIT, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Josepha Rizza i Johna Wyatta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U ovom pristupu, niz elektroda se postavlja u subretinalni prostor &#8211; ispod mre\u017enice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideja je da se elektroni\u010dki implantat nalazi bli\u017ee prirodnoj strukturi mre\u017enice i stimulira preostale funkcionalne \u017eiv\u010dane stanice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovo je bitno druga\u010diji pristup od sustava koji izravno stimuliraju retinalne ganglijske stanice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Takvo istra\u017eivanje pokazuje jedno od glavnih na\u010dela moderne vizualne protetike: umjesto poku\u0161aja obnavljanja cijelog biolo\u0161kog organa, tehnologija mo\u017ee zaobi\u0107i o\u0161te\u0107eni dio vidnog sustava i prenijeti informacije preostalim funkcionalnim neuralnim strukturama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PRIMA \u2013 nova generacija fotonaponske umjetne mre\u017enice<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedan od najzanimljivijih modernih pristupa je <strong>PRIMA<\/strong>, koji je izvorno razvio tim Daniela Palankera sa Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta Stanford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PRIMA koristi mali subretinalni fotonaponski implantat koji se sastoji od vi\u0161e mikroskopskih fotodioda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustav koristi posebne nao\u010dale koje sadr\u017ee kameru i opti\u010dki sustav. Dobivena slika se pretvara u svjetlo blisko infracrvenom i projicira na implantat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fotodiode u implantatu pretvaraju svjetlosne impulse u elektri\u010dne signale koji stimuliraju \u017eiv\u010dane stanice u mre\u017enici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stoga sustav koristi dio prirodne neuralne arhitekture oka, umjesto da ga poku\u0161ava u potpunosti zamijeniti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klini\u010dki rezultati<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezultati velikog klini\u010dkog ispitivanja PRIMA-e, objavljeni u <em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>, predstavljaju va\u017enu fazu u razvoju retinalnih proteza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U studiji je ugra\u0111eno 38 pacijenata s geografskom atrofijom zbog makularne degeneracije povezane sa starenjem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Od 32 pacijenta koji su pra\u0107eni nakon 12 mjeseci, 26 \u2013 ili 81% \u2013 pokazalo je klini\u010dki zna\u010dajno pobolj\u0161anje vidne o\u0161trine. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri kori\u0161tenju digitalnog pove\u0107anja neki su sudionici postigli vidnu o\u0161trinu koja im omogu\u0107uje \u010ditanje teksta, uklju\u010duju\u0107i knjige, naljepnice i druge svakodnevne predmete. (<a href=\"https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/news\/all-news\/2025\/10\/eye-prosthesis.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Stanfordska medicina<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovo je izuzetno va\u017ean rezultat, ali PRIMA opet nije potpuno umjetno oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uspostavlja ograni\u010deni dio vidne funkcije kod odre\u0111ene bolesti i koristi preostali biolo\u0161ki vidni sustav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bionic Vision Technologies<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drugi pristup razvio je <strong>Bionic Vision Technologies (BVT)<\/strong> u Australiji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tvrtka razvija suprahoroidalni sustav gdje se elektrode postavljaju blizu stra\u017enjeg dijela oka bez zamjene samog oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objavljene recenzije elektroni\u010dkih retinalnih proteza opisuju rane klini\u010dke rezultate s percepcijom svjetla i funkcionalnim pobolj\u0161anjima u podskupini pacijenata. Istodobno, sustav nije dobio regulatorno odobrenje kao \u0161iroko dostupna zamjena za ljudsko oko. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12994432\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">PubMed Central (PMC)<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehnologija pokazuje jo\u0161 jedan mogu\u0107i put do umjetnog vida \u2013 elektri\u010dnu stimulaciju vidnog sustava, bez fizi\u010dke zamjene cijelog o\u010dnog organa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orion &#8211; zaobilaze\u0107i oko<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je jo\u0161 radikalniji pristup <strong>Orion sustav vizualne kortikalne proteze<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Umjesto postavljanja elektroni\u010dkog implantata u oko, sustav ima za cilj zaobi\u0107i o\u0161te\u0107eno oko i izravno stimulirati vidni korteks mozga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U ovom pristupu kamera prima informacije o okolini, a elektroni\u010dki sustav pretvara informacije u elektri\u010dne impulse koji se dovode do implantiranih elektroda u podru\u010dju vidnog korteksa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je posebno zanimljivo kod bolesti kod kojih je te\u0161ko o\u0161te\u0107ena ne samo mre\u017enica nego i drugi dijelovi oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prema informacijama koje su objavili programeri, Orionova \u0161estogodi\u0161nja rana klini\u010dka studija zavr\u0161ila je u o\u017eujku 2025., s ciljem sljede\u0107e faze klini\u010dkog razvoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orion pokazuje da budu\u0107e &#8220;umjetno oko&#8221; mo\u017eda ne\u0107e biti ograni\u010deno na samo oko. Mo\u017ee predstavljati cijeli sustav:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>kamera \u2192 procesor \u2192 neuronski kod \u2192 mo\u017edani implantat \u2192 vizualni korteks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nova generacija: THE-BRENA \u2013 umjetna mre\u017enica s punim kolor vidom<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U kolovozu 2026. u \u010dasopisu <em>Prirodni materijali<\/em> objavljen je posebno zanimljiv razvoj tima sa Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta znanosti i tehnologije u Hong Kongu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Istra\u017eiva\u010di predstavljaju bioinspirirani sustav tzv <strong>THE-BRENA<\/strong>, temeljen na hemisferi\u010dnoj umjetnoj mre\u017enici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehnologija ima:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>367 500 piksela;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gusto\u0107a 1.905 piksela po in\u010du;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slika u punoj boji;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spektralni raspon od pribli\u017eno 300 do 800 nm;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vidno polje preko 160\u00b0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obrada pokreta izravno u senzoru. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Priroda<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posebno je zanimljivo da sustav koristi zakrivljenu, hemisferi\u010dnu strukturu sli\u010dnu geometriji ljudske mre\u017enice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U tradicionalnoj kameri, ravni senzor i opti\u010dki sustav moraju kompenzirati razli\u010dite opti\u010dke aberacije. Hemisferi\u010dnim dizajnom neka od ovih ograni\u010denja mogu se smanjiti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sustav je tako\u0111er pokazao zna\u010dajno smanjenje potrebnog protoka informacija tijekom detekcije pokreta, pri \u010demu su autori prijavili preko 99,95% ni\u017ee zahtjeve propusnosti u usporedbi s tradicionalnom obradom temeljenom na okvirima u odre\u0111enom eksperimentu. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Priroda<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Me\u0111utim, va\u017eno je naglasiti da je THE-BRENA <strong>bioinspirirani umjetni vizualni senzor<\/strong>, a ne umjetno oko ugra\u0111eno u \u010dovjeka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ova razlika je bitna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prva transplantacija cijelog ljudskog oka<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paralelno s razvojem elektroni\u010dkih o\u010diju, razvija se jo\u0161 jedan iznimno zanimljiv znanstveni pristup &#8211; transplantacija cijelog biolo\u0161kog oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U svibnju 2023. tim s NYU Langone Health izveo je prvu poznatu uspje\u0161nu transplantaciju cijelog ljudskog oka u kombinaciji s transplantacijom dijela lica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pacijent Aaron James izgubio je oko i zna\u010dajan dio lica u jakom strujnom udaru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tijekom operacije lije\u010dnici transplantiraju cijelo oko, o\u010dnu duplju i vidni \u017eivac zajedno s ostalim tkivima. Operacija traje oko 21 sat. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-health-performs-worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezultat je izvanredan sa stajali\u0161ta transplantacijske medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transplantirano oko ostaje odr\u017eivo. Uo\u010dena je normalna prokrvljenost i protok krvi u mre\u017enicu, a neki od fotoreceptora &#8211; \u0161tapi\u0107i i \u010dunji\u0107i &#8211; pre\u017eivjeli su. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ali pacijentu se nije vratio vid s presa\u0111enim okom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovo je jedna od najva\u017enijih znanstvenih \u010dinjenica u povijesti transplantacije oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Za\u0161to je oporavak vidnog \u017eivca tako te\u017eak?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vidni \u017eivac nije obi\u010dan kabel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadr\u017ei ogroman broj \u017eiv\u010danih vlakana koja povezuju mre\u017enicu s raznim strukturama u mozgu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U transplantaciji oka lije\u010dnici mogu obnoviti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>opskrba krvlju;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mehani\u010dki polo\u017eaj oka;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>anatomske strukture;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dio tkiva;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>funkcioniranje mre\u017enice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ali to ne zna\u010di automatski da informacije iz mre\u017enice mogu dospjeti u mozak na funkcionalan na\u010din.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neophodno je da se \u017eiv\u010dana vlakna ispravno pove\u017eu sa sredi\u0161njim \u017eiv\u010danim sustavom i da se obnove slo\u017eeni neuralni putovi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovo je jedan od glavnih razloga za\u0161to je transplantirano oko Aarona Jamesa ostalo odr\u017eivo, ali nije vratilo vid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Veliki program transplantacije ljudskog oka<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Langoneovo postignu\u0107e NYU postavlja pozornicu za istra\u017eivanje ve\u0107ih razmjera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Godine 2024. ameri\u010dka Agencija za napredne istra\u017eiva\u010dke projekte za zdravlje (ARPA-H) pokrenula je program <strong>Transplantacija alografta ljudskog oka (THEA)<\/strong> s potencijalnim financiranjem do 132 milijuna USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cilj je razviti metode za uspje\u0161nu transplantaciju cijelog ljudskog oka, koje u budu\u0107nosti mo\u017ee vratiti vid. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucihealth.org\/blog\/2026\/07\/whole-eye-transplant-research?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ucihealth.org<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Godine 2025. NYU Langone tako\u0111er je najavio sudjelovanje u velikom projektu s vi\u0161e od 40 znanstvenika, lije\u010dnika i predstavnika industrije \u010diji je cilj u\u010diniti transplantaciju cijelog oka mogu\u0107om terapijom za vra\u0107anje vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-part-56-million-award-project-make-vision-restoring-whole-eye-transplants-reality?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To pokazuje da znanost vi\u0161e ne razmatra transplantaciju cijelog oka kao teoretsku mogu\u0107nost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elektroni\u010dko umjetno oko naspram biolo\u0161ke transplantacije<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dva su glavna pristupa bitno razli\u010dita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Elektronsko umjetno oko<\/strong> poku\u0161ava zamijeniti funkciju biolo\u0161kog vizualnog sustava putem elektronike, senzora, ra\u010dunalnih algoritama i neurostimulacije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transplantacija cijelog oka<\/strong> poku\u0161ava sa\u010duvati biolo\u0161ki vidni organ i obnoviti njegovu vezu sa \u017eiv\u010danim sustavom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U budu\u0107nosti je mogu\u0107e kombinirati ova dva pristupa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na primjer, budu\u0107i sustav mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>umjetna optika \u2192 umjetna mre\u017enica \u2192 neuralno su\u010delje \u2192 vidni \u017eivac \u2192 mozak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ili:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>kamera \u2192 AI obrada \u2192 mo\u017edani implantat \u2192 vizualni korteks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tre\u0107a opcija je biolo\u0161ki transplantirano oko potpomognuto regenerativnom medicinom i tehnologijama popravka vidnog \u017eivca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160to nedostaje modernom umjetnom oku?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unato\u010d ogromnom napretku, postoji temeljna razlika izme\u0111u moderne protetike i ljudskog vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ljudsko oko i mozak rade kao jedan sustav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ljudska mre\u017enica obavlja slo\u017eenu prethodnu obradu vizualnih informacija \u010dak i prije nego \u0161to signali stignu do mozga. Sustav ima ogroman dinami\u010dki raspon, prilago\u0111ava se osvjetljenju, detektira kretanje, boju i kontrast te kontinuirano radi uz iznimno nisku potro\u0161nju energije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moderne elektroni\u010dke proteze jo\u0161 ne mogu reproducirati svu tu funkcionalnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U mnogima od njih vizualna percepcija ograni\u010dena je na svjetlosne to\u010dke, oblike, konture ili slike relativno niske rezolucije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PRIMA predstavlja zna\u010dajan korak naprijed jer nekim pacijentima omogu\u0107uje \u010ditanje teksta, ali tako\u0111er ne vra\u0107a normalan vid. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mo\u017ee li umjetno oko postati bolje od ljudskog?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iz in\u017eenjerske perspektive, to je konceptualno mogu\u0107e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Budu\u0107i sustav umjetnog vida mogao bi potencijalno vidjeti u rasponima izvan ljudskog vidljivog spektra, na primjer u podru\u010dju bliskom infracrvenom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mogla je imati:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>opti\u010dki ili digitalni zoom;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>automatsko poja\u010danje pri slabom osvjetljenju;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>infracrveni vid;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ultra\u0161iroko vidno polje;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI prepoznavanje objekata;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>izravno mjerenje udaljenosti;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>snimanje slike;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be\u017ei\u010dna komunikacija;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>adaptivna optika.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U tom smislu, budu\u0107e umjetno oko mo\u017ee biti ne samo kopija ljudskog oka, ve\u0107 <strong>bioni\u010dki sustav vida sa mogu\u0107nostima koje prirodni vid ne posjeduje<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Me\u0111utim, to je jo\u0161 uvijek znanstvena i tehnolo\u0161ka perspektiva, a ne klini\u010dka stvarnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stanje tehnologije u 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Od rujna 2026. mo\u017ee se razlikovati nekoliko razli\u010ditih razina razvoja:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Tehnologija<\/th><th>Stanje<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Argus II<\/td><td>Povijesno dokazana retinalna proteza; proizvodnja je prekinuta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PRIMA<\/td><td>Klini\u010dki dokazana tehnologija za vra\u0107anje ograni\u010denog funkcionalnog vida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bionic Vision Technologies<\/td><td>Razvoj implantabilnih sustava za umjetni vid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Orion<\/td><td>Razvoj kortikalne vizualne proteze<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>THE-BRENA<\/td><td>Umjetna mre\u017enica\/vizualni senzor visoke razlu\u010divosti inspiriran biolo\u0161kim djelovanjem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transplantacija cijelog oka<\/td><td>Dokazano kod \u010dovjeka, ali bez oporavka vida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Potpuno funkcionalno elektroni\u010dko umjetno oko<\/td><td>Jo\u0161 nije postignuto<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sljede\u0107a velika granica \u2013 veza izme\u0111u stroja i mozga<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glavni problem vi\u0161e nije samo stvaranje kamere koja izgleda kao ljudsko oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moderna mikroelektronika mo\u017ee stvoriti iznimno osjetljive vizualne senzore. Novi hemisferi\u010dni senzori mogu \u010dak opona\u0161ati geometriju mre\u017enice i obraditi vizualne informacije izravno u senzoru. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Priroda<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pravi izazov je stvaranje <strong>neuralno su\u010delje<\/strong>, koji mo\u017ee pouzdano prevesti elektroni\u010dku sliku u neuralne signale razumljive ljudskom mozgu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovo zahtijeva razumijevanje ne samo optike, ve\u0107 i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>neurofiziologija;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>neuronsko kodiranje;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sinapti\u010dka obrada;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plasti\u010dnost mozga;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>regeneracija \u017eiv\u010danog tkiva;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biokompatibilni materijali;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mikroelektronika;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>umjetna inteligencija.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zato je umjetno oko puno vi\u0161e od obi\u010dne kamere postavljene u ljudsku orbitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Razvoj umjetnog vida posljednjih je desetlje\u0107a pokazao izuzetan napredak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argus II je dokazao da elektronski sustav mo\u017ee stvoriti umjetnu vizualnu percepciju. PRIMA je napravila jo\u0161 jedan veliki korak demonstriraju\u0107i obnovu funkcionalnog sredi\u0161njeg vida u podskupini pacijenata s te\u0161kom makularnom degeneracijom. Kortikalni sustavi poput Oriona tra\u017ee na\u010din da zaobi\u0111u o\u0161te\u0107eno oko i izravno stupe u interakciju s mozgom. U me\u0111uvremenu, nove umjetne mre\u017enice inspirirane biolo\u0161kom, poput THE-BRENA, objavljene 2026., pokazuju koliko se brzo razvija sama tehnologija vizualnih senzora. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paralelno s tim, prva transplantacija cijelog ljudskog oka pokazala je da je mogu\u0107e presaditi i sam o\u010dni organ i ostati sposoban za \u017eivot, no vra\u0107anje vida zahtijeva uspje\u0161no uspostavljanje izuzetno slo\u017eene veze izme\u0111u oka i mozga. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stoga do <strong>2026. jo\u0161 uvijek ne postoji umjetno oko koje mo\u017ee u potpunosti zamijeniti ljudsko oko i vratiti normalan ljudski vid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No, znanstvena slika ve\u0107 je druga\u010dija nego prije deset ili dvadeset godina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danas znanstvenici imaju aktivne retinalne proteze, umjetne mre\u017enice, mo\u017edana su\u010delja, bio-inspirirane vizualne senzore visoke rezolucije i prvi dokazani slu\u010daj presa\u0111enog cijelog ljudskog oka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sljede\u0107i veliki korak bit \u0107e spajanje ovih tehnologija u jedan sustav koji ne samo da percipira svjetlost, ve\u0107 je pretvara u <strong>potpuna vizualna percepcija razumljiva ljudskom mozgu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tada umjetno oko vi\u0161e ne\u0107e biti samo proteza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bit \u0107e to novi tip <strong>bioni\u010dki vidni organ<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Umjetno oko &#8211; do 2026. Od implantata mre\u017enice do umjetne mre\u017enice i transplantacije cijelog oka Ideja o stvaranju umjetnog oka koje bi u potpunosti zamijenilo ljudsko oko i vratilo vid slijepim osobama dugo je pripadala uglavnom znanstvenoj fantaziji. U posljednjim desetlje\u0107ima, me\u0111utim, postupno su se razvili biomedicinski in\u017eenjering, mikroelektronika, neuroznanost i umjetna inteligencija [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65283547,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[792630314],"tags":[771609254,792630320],"class_list":["post-297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-umjetni-organi-dokle-je-znanost-stigla-2026","tag-umjetno-oko","tag-792630320"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4CoHV-4N","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":291,"url":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-ear\/","url_meta":{"origin":297,"position":0},"title":"Umjetno uho - 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