{"id":297,"date":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/?p=297"},"modified":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","slug":"artifitial-eye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/","title":{"rendered":"O olho artificial \u2013 at\u00e9 onde a ci\u00eancia chegou em 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O olho artificial \u2013 at\u00e9 onde a ci\u00eancia chegou em 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"642\" data-attachment-id=\"2431\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"850,642\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"\u043e\u043a\u043e\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?resize=850%2C642&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Desde implantes de retina a retina artificial e transplante de olho inteiro<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A ideia de criar um olho artificial que substitu\u00edsse completamente o olho humano e restaurasse a vis\u00e3o dos cegos h\u00e1 muito que pertenceu sobretudo \u00e0 fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica. Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, contudo, a engenharia biom\u00e9dica, a microeletr\u00f3nica, a neuroci\u00eancia e a intelig\u00eancia artificial come\u00e7aram gradualmente a transformar esta ideia numa verdadeira tarefa de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoje j\u00e1 existem sistemas implant\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bcapazes de produzir sensa\u00e7\u00f5es visuais atrav\u00e9s da estimula\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica da retina ou do c\u00e9rebro. Foram tamb\u00e9m desenvolvidas retinas artificiais que reproduzem algumas das fun\u00e7\u00f5es da retina biol\u00f3gica. Em 2025, os resultados cl\u00ednicos do sistema PRIMA mostraram a restaura\u00e7\u00e3o da vis\u00e3o central funcional numa propor\u00e7\u00e3o de doentes com degenera\u00e7\u00e3o macular avan\u00e7ada. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Jornal de Medicina da Nova Inglaterra<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em agosto de 2026, investigadores da Universidade de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Hong Kong publicaram em <em>Materiais da Natureza<\/em> um novo sistema denominado <strong>A-BRENA<\/strong>, representando uma retina artificial hemisf\u00e9rica de alta resolu\u00e7\u00e3o com uma imagem a cores e um campo de vis\u00e3o muito amplo. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Natureza<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apesar destas impressionantes conquistas, em 2026, a ci\u00eancia ainda n\u00e3o tinha um olho artificial que pudesse ser colocado no lugar do olho humano e reproduzir plenamente as suas fun\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que \u00e9 exatamente o olho humano?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para compreender a complexidade da tarefa, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio ter em conta que o olho n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma c\u00e2mara biol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O olho humano cont\u00e9m um sistema \u00f3tico composto pela c\u00f3rnea, cristalino e outras estruturas que focam a luz na retina. A retina, por outro lado, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um simples sensor de luz. \u00c9 um tecido nervoso complexo que cont\u00e9m fotorrecetores &#8211; bastonetes e cones &#8211; bem como muitos outros tipos de c\u00e9lulas nervosas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A informa\u00e7\u00e3o recebida \u00e9 convertida em sinais el\u00e9tricos, parcialmente processados \u200b\u200bj\u00e1 na retina e depois transmitidos atrav\u00e9s do nervo \u00f3tico para o c\u00e9rebro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Portanto, um olho artificial completo deve resolver simultaneamente v\u00e1rios problemas diferentes de engenharia e biol\u00f3gicos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>receber luz;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>focar a imagem;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>converter luz em sinais el\u00e9tricos;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>processar informa\u00e7\u00e3o visual;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>codificar esta informa\u00e7\u00e3o de forma compat\u00edvel com o sistema nervoso;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>transmitir sinais ao c\u00e9rebro;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trabalhar em seguran\u00e7a no corpo humano;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>utilizar uma quantidade m\u00ednima de energia;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ser biocompat\u00edvel;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e funcionar de forma fi\u00e1vel durante muitos anos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 a \u00faltima etapa \u2013 a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com o c\u00e9rebro humano \u2013 que continua a ser um dos maiores obst\u00e1culos \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um olho artificial totalmente funcional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O projeto Argus II \u2013 um dos primeiros grandes sucessos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um dos projetos mais famosos na \u00e1rea da vis\u00e3o artificial \u00e9 <strong>Sistema de Pr\u00f3tese Retiniana Argus II<\/strong>, originalmente desenvolvido pela Second Sight Medical Products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O sistema utiliza uma pequena c\u00e2mara montada em \u00f3culos. A c\u00e2mara recebe uma imagem que \u00e9 processada por um processador externo. A informa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 depois transmitida para um sistema eletr\u00f3nico implantado que estimula a retina atrav\u00e9s de el\u00e9trodos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O Argus II recebeu aprova\u00e7\u00e3o europeia para utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o em certos doentes com perda grave de vis\u00e3o devido a retinite pigmentosa e, em fevereiro de 2013, recebeu aprova\u00e7\u00e3o da FDA dos EUA ao abrigo do procedimento de isen\u00e7\u00e3o de dispositivos humanit\u00e1rios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O sistema foi uma demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o importante de que um implante eletr\u00f3nico poderia induzir uma perce\u00e7\u00e3o visual artificial \u00fatil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contudo, \u00e9 importante notar que o Argus II n\u00e3o \u00e9 um olho artificial completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O sistema n\u00e3o substitui o sistema \u00f3tico do olho, n\u00e3o reproduz a retina normal e n\u00e3o proporciona uma vis\u00e3o natural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al\u00e9m disso, o Argus II j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 um sistema comercial atual. A produ\u00e7\u00e3o e as vendas foram interrompidas \u00e0 medida que os programadores se concentram na pr\u00f3xima gera\u00e7\u00e3o de tecnologia de vis\u00e3o artificial. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1266806\/000156459020040021\/eyes-10q_20200630.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">SEC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Harvard\/MIT e implantes sub-retinianos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outra importante abordagem de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o foi desenvolvida por equipas associadas ao Massachusetts Eye and Ear e ao MIT, incluindo Joseph Rizzo e John Wyatt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nesta abordagem, o conjunto de el\u00e9trodos \u00e9 colocado no espa\u00e7o sub-retiniano \u2013 sob a retina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A ideia \u00e9 que o implante eletr\u00f3nico esteja localizado mais pr\u00f3ximo da estrutura natural da retina e estimule as restantes c\u00e9lulas nervosas em funcionamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta \u00e9 uma abordagem fundamentalmente diferente dos sistemas que estimulam diretamente as c\u00e9lulas ganglionares da retina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta investiga\u00e7\u00e3o demonstra um dos princ\u00edpios b\u00e1sicos das pr\u00f3teses visuais modernas: em vez de tentar restaurar todo o \u00f3rg\u00e3o biol\u00f3gico, a tecnologia pode contornar uma parte danificada do sistema visual e transmitir a informa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s restantes estruturas neurais funcionais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PRIMA \u2013 uma nova gera\u00e7\u00e3o de retina artificial fotovoltaica<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma das abordagens modernas mais interessantes \u00e9 <strong>PRIMA<\/strong>, originalmente desenvolvido pela equipa de Daniel Palanker na Universidade de Stanford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O PRIMA utiliza um pequeno implante fotovoltaico sub-retiniano que consiste em v\u00e1rios fotod\u00edodos microsc\u00f3picos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O sistema utiliza \u00f3culos especiais que cont\u00eam c\u00e2mara e sistema \u00f3tico. A imagem resultante \u00e9 convertida em luz infravermelha pr\u00f3xima e projetada no implante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os fotod\u00edodos no implante convertem os impulsos de luz em sinais el\u00e9tricos que estimulam as c\u00e9lulas nervosas da retina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assim, o sistema utiliza parte da arquitetura neural natural do olho, em vez de tentar substitu\u00ed-la por completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resultados cl\u00ednicos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os resultados do grande ensaio cl\u00ednico do PRIMA, publicado em <em>Jornal de Medicina da Nova Inglaterra<\/em>, representam uma etapa importante no desenvolvimento das pr\u00f3teses da retina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No estudo, foram implantados 38 doentes com atrofia geogr\u00e1fica devido a degenera\u00e7\u00e3o macular relacionada com a idade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dos 32 doentes seguidos durante 12 meses, 26 \u2013 ou 81% \u2013 apresentaram uma melhoria clinicamente significativa da acuidade visual. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Jornal de Medicina da Nova Inglaterra<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ao utilizar a amplia\u00e7\u00e3o digital, alguns participantes alcan\u00e7aram acuidade visual que lhes permite ler textos, incluindo livros, etiquetas e outros objetos do quotidiano. (<a href=\"https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/news\/all-news\/2025\/10\/eye-prosthesis.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Medicina de Stanford<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este \u00e9 um resultado extremamente importante, mas o PRIMA, mais uma vez, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um olho artificial completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Restaura uma parte limitada da fun\u00e7\u00e3o visual numa doen\u00e7a espec\u00edfica e utiliza o restante sistema visual biol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tecnologias de vis\u00e3o bi\u00f3nica<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outra abordagem foi desenvolvida por <strong>Tecnologias de vis\u00e3o bi\u00f3nica (BVT)<\/strong> na Austr\u00e1lia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A empresa est\u00e1 a desenvolver um sistema supracoroidal onde os el\u00e9trodos s\u00e3o colocados perto da parte posterior do olho sem substituir o pr\u00f3prio olho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As revis\u00f5es publicadas de pr\u00f3teses retinais eletr\u00f3nicas descrevem resultados cl\u00ednicos iniciais com perce\u00e7\u00e3o de luz e melhorias funcionais num subconjunto de pacientes. Ao mesmo tempo, o sistema n\u00e3o recebeu aprova\u00e7\u00e3o regulamentar como substituto amplamente dispon\u00edvel para o olho humano. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12994432\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Central PubMed (PMC)<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tecnologia mostra outro caminho poss\u00edvel para a vis\u00e3o artificial \u2013 a estimula\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica do sistema visual, sem substituir fisicamente todo o \u00f3rg\u00e3o ocular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orion &#8211; ignorando o olho<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 uma abordagem ainda mais radical <strong>Sistema de Pr\u00f3tese Cortical Visual Orion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em vez de colocar um implante eletr\u00f3nico no olho, o sistema tem como objetivo contornar o olho danificado e estimular diretamente o c\u00f3rtex visual do c\u00e9rebro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nesta abordagem, a c\u00e2mara recebe informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o ambiente e um sistema eletr\u00f3nico converte a informa\u00e7\u00e3o em impulsos el\u00e9tricos que alimentam el\u00e9trodos implantados na \u00e1rea do c\u00f3rtex visual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isto \u00e9 especialmente interessante em doen\u00e7as em que n\u00e3o s\u00f3 a retina, mas tamb\u00e9m outras partes do olho est\u00e3o gravemente danificadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De acordo com as informa\u00e7\u00f5es divulgadas pelos desenvolvedores, o estudo cl\u00ednico inicial de seis anos do Orion terminou em mar\u00e7o de 2025, com o objetivo da pr\u00f3xima fase de desenvolvimento cl\u00ednico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orion mostra que o futuro \u201colho artificial\u201d pode n\u00e3o estar limitado ao pr\u00f3prio olho. Pode representar um sistema inteiro:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>c\u00e2mara \u2192 processador \u2192 c\u00f3digo neural \u2192 implante cerebral \u2192 c\u00f3rtex visual<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nova gera\u00e7\u00e3o: THE-BRENA \u2013 retina artificial com vis\u00e3o a cores<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em agosto de 2026 na revista <em>Materiais da Natureza<\/em> foi publicado um desenvolvimento particularmente interessante feito por uma equipa da Universidade de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Hong Kong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os investigadores apresentam um sistema bioinspirado denominado <strong>A-BRENA<\/strong>, baseado numa retina artificial hemisf\u00e9rica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tecnologia possui:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>367.500 pix\u00e9is;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>densidade 1.905 pix\u00e9is por polegada;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>imagem a cores;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gama espectral de aproximadamente 300 a 800 nm;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>campo de vis\u00e3o superior a 160\u00b0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>processamento de movimento diretamente no sensor. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Natureza<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Particularmente interessante \u00e9 que o sistema utiliza uma estrutura hemisf\u00e9rica curva semelhante \u00e0 geometria da retina humana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Numa c\u00e2mara tradicional, o sensor plano e o sistema \u00f3tico devem compensar diversas aberra\u00e7\u00f5es \u00f3ticas. Com o design hemisf\u00e9rico, algumas destas limita\u00e7\u00f5es podem ser reduzidas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O sistema tamb\u00e9m demonstrou uma redu\u00e7\u00e3o significativa no fluxo de informa\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1rio durante a dete\u00e7\u00e3o de movimento, com os autores a reportarem requisitos de largura de banda 99,95% mais baixos em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o processamento tradicional baseado em quadros na experi\u00eancia espec\u00edfica. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Natureza<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contudo, \u00e9 importante real\u00e7ar que THE-BRENA \u00e9 <strong>sensor visual artificial bioinspirado<\/strong>, e n\u00e3o um olho artificial implantado num ser humano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta distin\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 essencial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O primeiro transplante de um olho humano inteiro<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paralelamente ao desenvolvimento dos olhos electr\u00f3nicos, est\u00e1 a ser desenvolvida uma outra abordagem cient\u00edfica extremamente interessante &#8211; o transplante de um olho biol\u00f3gico inteiro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em maio de 2023, uma equipa da NYU Langone Health realizou o primeiro transplante bem-sucedido conhecido no mundo de um olho humano inteiro combinado com um transplante de parte do rosto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O paciente Aaron James perdeu o olho e uma parte significativa do rosto num grave choque el\u00e9trico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durante a opera\u00e7\u00e3o, os m\u00e9dicos transplantam todo o olho, a \u00f3rbita ocular e o nervo \u00f3tico, juntamente com outros tecidos. A opera\u00e7\u00e3o dura aproximadamente 21 horas. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-health-performs-worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Sa\u00fade Langone da NYU<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O resultado \u00e9 not\u00e1vel do ponto de vista da medicina de transplanta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O olho transplantado mant\u00e9m-se vi\u00e1vel. Foram observados aporte sangu\u00edneo normal e fluxo sangu\u00edneo \u00e0 retina, e alguns dos fotorrecetores &#8211; bastonetes e cones &#8211; sobreviveram. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Sa\u00fade Langone da NYU<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mas o paciente n\u00e3o recuperou a vis\u00e3o com o olho transplantado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este \u00e9 um dos factos cient\u00edficos mais importantes na hist\u00f3ria do transplante ocular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Porque \u00e9 que a recupera\u00e7\u00e3o do nervo \u00f3tico \u00e9 t\u00e3o dif\u00edcil?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O nervo \u00f3tico n\u00e3o \u00e9 um cabo comum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cont\u00e9m um grande n\u00famero de fibras nervosas que ligam a retina a v\u00e1rias estruturas do c\u00e9rebro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Num transplante ocular, os m\u00e9dicos podem restaurar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>o fornecimento de sangue;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a posi\u00e7\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica do olho;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>estruturas anat\u00f3micas;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>parte dos tecidos;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o funcionamento da retina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mas isto n\u00e3o significa automaticamente que a informa\u00e7\u00e3o proveniente da retina possa chegar ao c\u00e9rebro de forma funcional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio que as fibras nervosas se liguem adequadamente ao sistema nervoso central e restaurem as complexas vias neurais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta \u00e9 uma das principais raz\u00f5es pelas quais o olho transplantado de Aaron James se manteve vi\u00e1vel, mas n\u00e3o restaurou a vis\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O Grande Programa de Transplante de Olho Humano<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A conquista da NYU Langone prepara o terreno para uma investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em maior escala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em 2024, a Ag\u00eancia de Projetos de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada dos EUA para a Sa\u00fade (ARPA-H) lan\u00e7ou o programa <strong>Transplante de aloenxertos de olho humano (THEA)<\/strong> com um financiamento potencial at\u00e9 US$ 132 milh\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O objetivo \u00e9 desenvolver m\u00e9todos para o transplante bem-sucedido de um olho humano inteiro, que no futuro possa restaurar a vis\u00e3o. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucihealth.org\/blog\/2026\/07\/whole-eye-transplant-research?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ucihealth.org<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em 2025, a NYU Langone anunciou tamb\u00e9m a participa\u00e7\u00e3o num projeto de grande escala com mais de 40 cientistas, m\u00e9dicos e representantes da ind\u00fastria com o objetivo de tornar o transplante de olho inteiro numa poss\u00edvel terapia de restaura\u00e7\u00e3o da vis\u00e3o. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-part-56-million-award-project-make-vision-restoring-whole-eye-transplants-reality?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Sa\u00fade Langone da NYU<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isto mostra que a ci\u00eancia j\u00e1 n\u00e3o considera o transplante de olho inteiro como uma possibilidade te\u00f3rica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Olho artificial eletr\u00f3nico versus transplante biol\u00f3gico<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As duas abordagens principais s\u00e3o fundamentalmente diferentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>O olho artificial eletr\u00f3nico<\/strong> tenta substituir a fun\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema visual biol\u00f3gico atrav\u00e9s de eletr\u00f3nica, sensores, algoritmos computacionais e neuroestimula\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>O transplante de um olho inteiro<\/strong> tenta preservar o \u00f3rg\u00e3o visual biol\u00f3gico e restaurar a sua liga\u00e7\u00e3o com o sistema nervoso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No futuro, ser\u00e1 poss\u00edvel combinar estas duas abordagens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por exemplo, um sistema futuro pode incluir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00f3ptica artificial \u2192 retina artificial \u2192 interface neural \u2192 nervo \u00f3ptico \u2192 c\u00e9rebro<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>c\u00e2mara \u2192 processamento de IA \u2192 implante cerebral \u2192 c\u00f3rtex visual<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma terceira op\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um olho transplantado biologicamente, auxiliado por medicina regenerativa e tecnologias de repara\u00e7\u00e3o do nervo \u00f3tico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que est\u00e1 a faltar no olho artificial moderno?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apesar do enorme progresso, existe uma diferen\u00e7a fundamental entre as pr\u00f3teses modernas e a vis\u00e3o humana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O olho e o c\u00e9rebro humanos funcionam como um sistema \u00fanico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A retina humana realiza um pr\u00e9-processamento complexo da informa\u00e7\u00e3o visual antes mesmo de os sinais chegarem ao c\u00e9rebro. O sistema possui uma enorme gama din\u00e2mica, adapta-se \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o, deteta movimento, cor e contraste e funciona continuamente com um consumo energ\u00e9tico muito baixo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As pr\u00f3teses eletr\u00f3nicas modernas ainda n\u00e3o conseguem reproduzir toda esta funcionalidade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em muitos deles, a perce\u00e7\u00e3o visual est\u00e1 limitada a pontos de luz, formas, contornos ou imagens de resolu\u00e7\u00e3o relativamente baixa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O PRIMA representa um avan\u00e7o significativo, pois permite que alguns doentes leiam textos, mas tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o restaura a vis\u00e3o normal. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Jornal de Medicina da Nova Inglaterra<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O olho artificial pode tornar-se melhor que o olho humano?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do ponto de vista da engenharia, isto \u00e9 conceptualmente poss\u00edvel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um futuro sistema de vis\u00e3o artificial poder\u00e1 potencialmente ver em faixas para al\u00e9m do espectro vis\u00edvel humano, por exemplo, na faixa do infravermelho pr\u00f3ximo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ela poderia ter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>zoom \u00f3tico ou digital;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>aumento autom\u00e1tico com pouca luz;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vis\u00e3o infravermelha;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>campo de vis\u00e3o ultra-amplo;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reconhecimento de objetos de IA;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>medi\u00e7\u00e3o direta de dist\u00e2ncias;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>grava\u00e7\u00e3o de imagens;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comunica\u00e7\u00e3o sem fios;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00f3ptica adaptativa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neste sentido, o futuro olho artificial pode ser n\u00e3o s\u00f3 uma c\u00f3pia do olho humano, mas <strong>um sistema de vis\u00e3o bi\u00f3nica com capacidades que a vis\u00e3o natural n\u00e3o possui<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No entanto, esta \u00e9 ainda uma perspectiva cient\u00edfica e tecnol\u00f3gica, n\u00e3o uma realidade cl\u00ednica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O estado da tecnologia em 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em setembro de 2026, podem ser distinguidos v\u00e1rios n\u00edveis diferentes de desenvolvimento:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Tecnologia<\/th><th>Doen\u00e7a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Argos II<\/td><td>Pr\u00f3tese de retina historicamente comprovada; a produ\u00e7\u00e3o foi interrompida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PRIMA<\/td><td>Tecnologia clinicamente comprovada para restaurar a vis\u00e3o funcional limitada<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tecnologias de vis\u00e3o bi\u00f3nica<\/td><td>Desenvolvimento de sistemas implant\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bpara vis\u00e3o artificial<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00d3rion<\/td><td>Desenvolvimento de uma pr\u00f3tese visual cortical<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A-BRENA<\/td><td>Sensor visual\/retina artificial bio-inspirado de alta resolu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transplante de olho inteiro<\/td><td>Demonstrado no homem, mas sem recupera\u00e7\u00e3o da vis\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Um olho artificial eletr\u00f3nico totalmente funcional<\/td><td>Ainda n\u00e3o alcan\u00e7ado<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A pr\u00f3xima grande fronteira \u2013 a liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre a m\u00e1quina e o c\u00e9rebro<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O principal problema j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas criar uma c\u00e2mara que se assemelhe a um olho humano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A microelectr\u00f3nica moderna pode criar sensores visuais extremamente sens\u00edveis. Os novos sensores hemisf\u00e9ricos podem at\u00e9 imitar a geometria da retina e processar a informa\u00e7\u00e3o visual diretamente no sensor. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Natureza<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O verdadeiro desafio \u00e9 criar o <strong>interface neural<\/strong>, que pode traduzir de forma fi\u00e1vel a imagem eletr\u00f3nica em sinais neurais compreens\u00edveis pelo c\u00e9rebro humano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isto requer uma compreens\u00e3o n\u00e3o s\u00f3 da \u00f3ptica, mas tamb\u00e9m de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>neurofisiologia;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>codifica\u00e7\u00e3o neural;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>processamento sin\u00e1ptico;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plasticidade cerebral;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a regenera\u00e7\u00e3o do tecido nervoso;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>materiais biocompat\u00edveis;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>microelectr\u00f3nica;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>intelig\u00eancia artificial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 por isso que o olho artificial \u00e9 muito mais do que uma simples c\u00e2mara colocada na \u00f3rbita humana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O desenvolvimento da vis\u00e3o artificial nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas tem apresentado um progresso not\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argus II provou que um sistema electr\u00f3nico podia criar percep\u00e7\u00e3o visual artificial. O PRIMA deu mais um grande passo ao demonstrar a restaura\u00e7\u00e3o da vis\u00e3o central funcional num subconjunto de doentes com degenera\u00e7\u00e3o macular grave. Sistemas corticais como o Orion procuram uma forma de contornar o olho danificado e interagir diretamente com o c\u00e9rebro. Entretanto, novas retinas artificiais de inspira\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica, como a THE-BRENA, publicada em 2026, mostram a rapidez com que a pr\u00f3pria tecnologia de sensores visuais est\u00e1 a evoluir. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Jornal de Medicina da Nova Inglaterra<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paralelamente, o primeiro transplante de um olho humano inteiro mostrou que \u00e9 poss\u00edvel transplantar o pr\u00f3prio \u00f3rg\u00e3o ocular e permanecer vi\u00e1vel, mas restaurar a vis\u00e3o requer restaurar com sucesso a liga\u00e7\u00e3o extremamente complexa entre o olho e o c\u00e9rebro. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Sa\u00fade Langone da NYU<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Portanto para <strong>2026, ainda n\u00e3o existe nenhum olho artificial que possa substituir completamente o olho humano e restaurar a vis\u00e3o humana normal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mas o quadro cient\u00edfico j\u00e1 \u00e9 diferente de h\u00e1 dez ou vinte anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoje, os cientistas t\u00eam pr\u00f3teses de retina em funcionamento, retinas artificiais, interfaces cerebrais, sensores visuais de inspira\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica de alta resolu\u00e7\u00e3o e o primeiro caso comprovado de um olho humano inteiro transplantado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O pr\u00f3ximo grande passo ser\u00e1 reunir estas tecnologias num \u00fanico sistema que n\u00e3o s\u00f3 perceba a luz, mas que transforme a luz em <strong>percep\u00e7\u00e3o visual completa compreens\u00edvel pelo c\u00e9rebro humano<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ent\u00e3o o olho artificial j\u00e1 n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 apenas uma pr\u00f3tese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ser\u00e1 um novo tipo <strong>\u00f3rg\u00e3o de vis\u00e3o bi\u00f3nica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O olho artificial \u2013 at\u00e9 onde a ci\u00eancia chegou em 2026 Desde implantes de retina a retina artificial e transplante de olho inteiro A ideia de criar um olho artificial que substitua completamente o olho humano e restaure a vis\u00e3o dos cegos tem muito que pertence principalmente \u00e0 fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica. Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, contudo, a 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