{"id":297,"date":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T02:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/?p=297"},"modified":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T18:37:01","slug":"artifitial-eye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/","title":{"rendered":"Umetno oko - kako dale\u010d je znanost segla leta 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Umetno oko &#8211; kako dale\u010d je znanost segla leta 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"642\" data-attachment-id=\"2431\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-eye\/%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"850,642\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"\u043e\u043a\u043e\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?fit=850%2C642&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vkrastev1blog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/d0bed0bad0be.jpg?resize=850%2C642&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Od retinalnih vsadkov do umetne mre\u017enice in presaditve celega o\u010desa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideja o izdelavi umetnega o\u010desa, ki bi v celoti nadomestilo \u010dlove\u0161ko oko in slepim povrnilo vid, je \u017ee dolgo sodila predvsem v znanstveno fantastiko. V zadnjih desetletjih pa so biomedicinski in\u017eeniring, mikroelektronika, nevroznanost in umetna inteligenca to idejo postopoma za\u010deli spreminjati v pravo raziskovalno nalogo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danes \u017ee obstajajo implantabilni sistemi, ki lahko ustvarijo vizualne ob\u010dutke z elektri\u010dno stimulacijo mre\u017enice ali mo\u017eganov. Razvite so bile tudi umetne mre\u017enice, ki reproducirajo nekatere funkcije biolo\u0161ke mre\u017enice. Leta 2025 so klini\u010dni rezultati sistema PRIMA pokazali povrnitev funkcionalnega centralnega vida pri delu bolnikov z napredovalo makularno degeneracijo. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avgusta 2026 so raziskovalci s Hongkon\u0161ke univerze za znanost in tehnologijo objavili v <em>Naravni materiali<\/em> nov sistem imenovan <strong>THE-BRENA<\/strong>, ki predstavlja visokolo\u010dljivo hemisferi\u010dno umetno mre\u017enico s polnobarvno sliko in zelo \u0161irokim vidnim poljem. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Narava<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kljub tem impresivnim dose\u017ekom od leta 2026 znanost \u0161e vedno nima umetnega o\u010desa, ki bi ga lahko postavili namesto \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa in v celoti reproducirali njegove funkcije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kaj pravzaprav je \u010dlove\u0161ko oko?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Da bi razumeli kompleksnost naloge, se je treba zavedati, da oko ni le biolo\u0161ka kamera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010clove\u0161ko oko vsebuje opti\u010dni sistem, sestavljen iz ro\u017eenice, le\u010de in drugih struktur, ki fokusirajo svetlobo na mre\u017enico. Po drugi strani pa mre\u017enica ni preprosto svetlobno tipalo. Je kompleksno \u017eiv\u010dno tkivo, ki vsebuje fotoreceptorje \u2013 pali\u010dice in \u010depnice \u2013 ter \u0161tevilne druge vrste \u017eiv\u010dnih celic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prejete informacije se pretvorijo v elektri\u010dne signale, delno obdelane \u017ee v mre\u017enici in nato preko vidnega \u017eivca prenesejo v mo\u017egane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zato mora popolno umetno oko hkrati re\u0161evati ve\u010d razli\u010dnih in\u017eenirskih in biolo\u0161kih problemov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sprejemati svetlobo;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za fokusiranje slike;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za pretvorbo svetlobe v elektri\u010dne signale;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za obdelavo vizualnih informacij;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kodirati te informacije na na\u010din, ki je zdru\u017eljiv z \u017eiv\u010dnim sistemom;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>za prenos signalov v mo\u017egane;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>varno delovati v \u010dlove\u0161kem telesu;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>porabiti minimalno koli\u010dino energije;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biti biokompatibilen;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in zanesljivo deluje ve\u010d let.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prav zadnji korak \u2013 komunikacija s \u010dlove\u0161kimi mo\u017egani \u2013 ostaja ena najve\u010djih ovir pri ustvarjanju popolnoma delujo\u010dega umetnega o\u010desa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Projekt Argus II \u2013 eden prvih velikih uspehov<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eden najbolj znanih projektov na podro\u010dju umetnega vida je <strong>Sistem mre\u017eni\u010dne proteze Argus II<\/strong>, ki ga je prvotno razvil Second Sight Medical Products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem uporablja majhno kamero, name\u0161\u010deno na o\u010dala. Kamera prejme sliko, ki jo obdela zunanji procesor. Informacije se nato prenesejo v vsajen elektronski sistem, ki prek elektrod stimulira mre\u017enico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argus II je prejel evropsko odobritev za uporabo pri dolo\u010denih bolnikih s hudo izgubo vida zaradi retinitis pigmentosa, februarja 2013 pa je prejel odobritev ameri\u0161ke FDA v skladu s postopkom izvzetja humanitarnih naprav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem je bil pomemben dokaz, da lahko elektronski vsadek povzro\u010di uporabno umetno vizualno zaznavo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vendar je pomembno vedeti, da Argus II ni popolno umetno oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem ne nadome\u0161\u010da opti\u010dnega sistema o\u010desa, ne reproducira normalne mre\u017enice in ne zagotavlja naravnega vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poleg tega Argus II ni ve\u010d trenutni komercialni sistem. Proizvodnja in prodaja sta bili prekinjeni, saj se razvijalci osredoto\u010dajo na naslednjo generacijo tehnologije umetnega vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1266806\/000156459020040021\/eyes-10q_20200630.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">SEC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Harvard\/MIT in subretinalni vsadki<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drug pomemben raziskovalni pristop so razvile ekipe, povezane z Massachusetts Eye and Ear in MIT, vklju\u010dno z Josephom Rizzom in Johnom Wyattom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri tem pristopu se niz elektrod namesti v subretinalni prostor \u2013 pod mre\u017enico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideja je, da se elektronski vsadek nahaja bli\u017eje naravni strukturi mre\u017enice in stimulira preostale delujo\u010de \u017eiv\u010dne celice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je bistveno druga\u010den pristop kot sistemi, ki neposredno stimulirajo ganglijske celice mre\u017enice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tak\u0161ne raziskave dokazujejo enega glavnih principov sodobne vizualne protetike: namesto da bi sku\u0161ala obnoviti celoten biolo\u0161ki organ, lahko tehnologija zaobide po\u0161kodovani del vidnega sistema in prenese informacijo preostalim delujo\u010dim \u017eiv\u010dnim strukturam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PRIMA \u2013 nova generacija fotovoltai\u010dne umetne mre\u017enice<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eden najzanimivej\u0161ih sodobnih pristopov je <strong>PRIMA<\/strong>, ki ga je prvotno razvila ekipa Daniela Palankera na univerzi Stanford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PRIMA uporablja majhen subretinalni fotovoltai\u010dni vsadek, sestavljen iz ve\u010d mikroskopskih fotodiod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem uporablja posebna o\u010dala, ki vsebujejo kamero in opti\u010dni sistem. Nastala slika se pretvori v bli\u017enjo infrarde\u010do svetlobo in projicira na vsadek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fotodiode v vsadku pretvorijo svetlobne impulze v elektri\u010dne signale, ki stimulirajo \u017eiv\u010dne celice v mre\u017enici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tako sistem uporablja del naravne nevronske arhitekture o\u010desa, namesto da bi ga posku\u0161al popolnoma nadomestiti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klini\u010dni rezultati<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezultati velikega klini\u010dnega presku\u0161anja PRIMA, objavljeni v <em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>, predstavljajo pomembno stopnjo v razvoju retinalnih protez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u0161tudiji je bilo implantiranih 38 bolnikov z geografsko atrofijo zaradi starostne degeneracije makule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Od 32 bolnikov, ki so jih spremljali po 12 mesecih, jih je 26 \u2013 ali 81 % \u2013 pokazalo klini\u010dno pomembno izbolj\u0161anje ostrine vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri uporabi digitalne pove\u010dave so nekateri udele\u017eenci dosegli ostrino vida, ki jim omogo\u010da branje besedila, vklju\u010dno s knjigami, nalepkami in drugimi vsakodnevnimi predmeti. (<a href=\"https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/news\/all-news\/2025\/10\/eye-prosthesis.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Stanfordska medicina<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je izjemno pomemben rezultat, vendar PRIMA spet ni popolno umetno oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obnovi omejen del vidne funkcije pri dolo\u010deni bolezni in uporabi preostali biolo\u0161ki vidni sistem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bionic Vision Technologies<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drug pristop je razvil <strong>Bionic Vision Technologies (BVT)<\/strong> v Avstraliji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podjetje razvija suprahoroidalni sistem, pri katerem so elektrode name\u0161\u010dene blizu o\u010desnega ozadja, ne da bi zamenjali samo oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objavljeni pregledi elektronskih retinalnih protez opisujejo zgodnje klini\u010dne rezultate z zaznavanjem svetlobe in funkcionalnimi izbolj\u0161avami pri podskupini bolnikov. Hkrati pa sistem ni prejel regulativne odobritve kot splo\u0161no dostopen nadomestek za \u010dlove\u0161ko oko. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12994432\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">PubMed Central (PMC)<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehnologija ka\u017ee \u0161e eno mo\u017eno pot do umetnega vida \u2013 elektri\u010dno stimulacijo vidnega sistema, brez fizi\u010dne zamenjave celotnega o\u010desnega organa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orion &#8211; mimo o\u010di<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gre za \u0161e bolj radikalen pristop <strong>Sistem vizualne kortikalne proteze Orion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Namesto da bi v oko vstavili elektronski vsadek, sistem posku\u0161a obiti po\u0161kodovano oko in neposredno stimulirati vidno skorjo mo\u017eganov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri tem pristopu kamera sprejema informacije o okolju, elektronski sistem pa informacije pretvori v elektri\u010dne impulze, ki se dovajajo do vsajenih elektrod v predelu vidne skorje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je \u0161e posebej zanimivo pri boleznih, kjer ni le mre\u017enica, ampak tudi drugi deli o\u010desa mo\u010dno po\u0161kodovani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po informacijah, ki so jih objavili razvijalci, se je Orionova \u0161estletna zgodnja klini\u010dna \u0161tudija kon\u010dala marca 2025 s ciljem naslednje faze klini\u010dnega razvoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orion ka\u017ee, da prihodnje &#8220;umetno oko&#8221; morda dejansko ni omejeno na samo oko. Lahko predstavlja celoten sistem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>kamera \u2192 procesor \u2192 nevronska koda \u2192 mo\u017eganski vsadek \u2192 vidna skorja<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nova generacija: THE-BRENA \u2013 umetna mre\u017enica s polnim barvnim vidom<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avgusta 2026 v reviji <em>Naravni materiali<\/em> je bil objavljen \u0161e posebej zanimiv razvoj ekipe s Hongkon\u0161ke univerze za znanost in tehnologijo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raziskovalci predstavljajo biolo\u0161ko navdihnjen sistem, imenovan <strong>THE-BRENA<\/strong>, ki temelji na hemisferi\u010dni umetni mre\u017enici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehnologija ima:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>367.500 slikovnih pik;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gostota 1905 slikovnih pik na palec;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>barvna slika;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spektralno obmo\u010dje od pribli\u017eno 300 do 800 nm;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vidno polje nad 160\u00b0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obdelava gibanja neposredno v senzorju. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Narava<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160e posebej zanimivo je, da sistem uporablja ukrivljeno, hemisferi\u010dno strukturo, podobno geometriji \u010dlove\u0161ke mre\u017enice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tradicionalni kameri morata plo\u0161\u010dati senzor in opti\u010dni sistem kompenzirati razli\u010dne opti\u010dne aberacije. S polkroglo zasnovo je mogo\u010de nekatere od teh omejitev zmanj\u0161ati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem je pokazal tudi znatno zmanj\u0161anje zahtevanega pretoka informacij med zaznavanjem gibanja, pri \u010demer so avtorji poro\u010dali o ve\u010d kot 99,95 % ni\u017ejih zahtevah glede pasovne \u0161irine v primerjavi s tradicionalno obdelavo na podlagi okvirja v dolo\u010denem poskusu. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Narava<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vendar je pomembno poudariti, da je THE-BRENA <strong>bio-navdihnjen umetni vizualni senzor<\/strong>, ne umetno oko, vsajeno v \u010dloveka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To razlikovanje je bistveno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prva presaditev celega \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzporedno z razvojem elektronskih o\u010di se razvija \u0161e en izjemno zanimiv znanstveni pristop &#8211; presaditev biolo\u0161kega celega o\u010desa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maja 2023 je ekipa na NYU Langone Health izvedla prvo znano uspe\u0161no presaditev celotnega \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa v kombinaciji s presaditvijo dela obraza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pacient Aaron James je zaradi hudega elektri\u010dnega udara izgubil oko in precej\u0161en del obraza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Med operacijo zdravniki presadijo celotno oko, o\u010desno votlino in vidni \u017eivec skupaj z drugimi tkivi. Operacija traja pribli\u017eno 21 ur. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-health-performs-worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezultat je z vidika transplantacijske medicine izjemen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Presajeno oko ostane \u017eivo. Opazili so normalno prekrvavitev in pretok krvi v mre\u017enico, nekateri fotoreceptorji \u2013 pali\u010dice in sto\u017eci \u2013 pa so pre\u017eiveli. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toda bolniku se vid s presajenim o\u010desom ni povrnil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je eno najpomembnej\u0161ih znanstvenih dejstev v zgodovini presajanja o\u010di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zakaj je okrevanje vidnega \u017eivca tako te\u017eko?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opti\u010dni \u017eivec ni navaden kabel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vsebuje ogromno \u0161tevilo \u017eiv\u010dnih vlaken, ki povezujejo mre\u017enico z razli\u010dnimi strukturami v mo\u017eganih.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri presaditvi o\u010desa lahko zdravniki obnovijo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>oskrba s krvjo;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mehanski polo\u017eaj o\u010desa;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>anatomske strukture;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>del tkiv;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>delovanje mre\u017enice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vendar to ne pomeni samodejno, da lahko informacije iz mre\u017enice dose\u017eejo mo\u017egane na funkcionalen na\u010din.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potrebno je, da se \u017eiv\u010dna vlakna pravilno pove\u017eejo s centralnim \u017eiv\u010dnim sistemom in obnovijo zapletene \u017eiv\u010dne poti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To je eden od glavnih razlogov, zakaj je presajeno oko Aarona Jamesa ostalo sposobno pre\u017eiveti, vendar ni povrnilo vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Veliki program presaditve \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dose\u017eek NYU Langone postavlja temelje za obse\u017enej\u0161e raziskave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leta 2024 je ameri\u0161ka Agencija za napredne raziskovalne projekte za zdravje (ARPA-H) za\u010dela program <strong>Presaditev alograftov \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa (THEA)<\/strong> s potencialnim financiranjem do 132 milijonov USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cilj je razviti metode za uspe\u0161no presaditev celega \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa, ki bo v prihodnosti lahko povrnil vid. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucihealth.org\/blog\/2026\/07\/whole-eye-transplant-research?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">ucihealth.org<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leta 2025 je univerza NYU Langone napovedala tudi sodelovanje v obse\u017enem projektu z ve\u010d kot 40 znanstveniki, zdravniki in predstavniki industrije, katerega namen je presaditev celotnega o\u010desa postati mo\u017ena terapija za povrnitev vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/nyu-langone-part-56-million-award-project-make-vision-restoring-whole-eye-transplants-reality?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To ka\u017ee, da znanost presaditve celega o\u010desa ne obravnava ve\u010d kot teoreti\u010dno mo\u017enost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elektronsko umetno oko proti biolo\u0161ki transplantaciji<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oba glavna pristopa se bistveno razlikujeta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Elektronsko umetno oko<\/strong> posku\u0161a nadomestiti funkcijo biolo\u0161kega vizualnega sistema z elektroniko, senzorji, ra\u010dunalni\u0161kimi algoritmi in nevrostimulacijo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Presaditev celega o\u010desa<\/strong> posku\u0161a ohraniti biolo\u0161ki vidni organ in obnoviti njegovo povezavo z \u017eiv\u010dnim sistemom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V prihodnosti je mo\u017eno zdru\u017eiti ta dva pristopa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na primer, prihodnji sistem lahko vklju\u010duje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>umetna optika \u2192 umetna mre\u017enica \u2192 nevronski vmesnik \u2192 vidni \u017eivec \u2192 mo\u017egani<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ali:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>kamera \u2192 obdelava AI \u2192 mo\u017eganski vsadek \u2192 vidna skorja<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tretja mo\u017enost je biolo\u0161ko presajeno oko s pomo\u010djo regenerativne medicine in tehnologij popravljanja vidnega \u017eivca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kaj manjka sodobnemu umetnemu o\u010desu?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kljub izjemnemu napredku obstaja temeljna razlika med sodobno protetiko in \u010dlove\u0161kim vidom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010clove\u0161ko oko in mo\u017egani delujejo kot en sam sistem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010clove\u0161ka mre\u017enica izvaja zapleteno predhodno obdelavo vizualnih informacij, \u0161e preden signali dose\u017eejo mo\u017egane. Sistem ima ogromen dinami\u010dni razpon, prilagaja se osvetlitvi, zaznava gibanje, barve in kontrast ter deluje neprekinjeno z izjemno nizko porabo energije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sodobne elektronske proteze \u0161e ne morejo reproducirati vse te funkcionalnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V mnogih od njih je vidna percepcija omejena na svetlobne to\u010dke, oblike, obrise ali slike z relativno nizko lo\u010dljivostjo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PRIMA predstavlja pomemben korak naprej, saj nekaterim bolnikom omogo\u010da branje besedila, vendar tudi ne povrne normalnega vida. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ali lahko umetno oko postane bolj\u0161e od \u010dlove\u0161kega?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z in\u017eenirskega vidika je to konceptualno mogo\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prihodnji sistem umetnega vida bi lahko potencialno videl v obsegih, ki presegajo \u010dlove\u0161ki vidni spekter, na primer v bli\u017enjem infrarde\u010dem obmo\u010dju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lahko bi imela:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>opti\u010dni ali digitalni zoom;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>samodejno pove\u010danje pri \u0161ibki svetlobi;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>infrarde\u010di vid;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ultra \u0161iroko vidno polje;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI prepoznavanje objektov;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>neposredno merjenje razdalj;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>snemanje slik;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>brez\u017ei\u010dna komunikacija;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prilagodljiva optika.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tem smislu lahko bodo\u010de umetno oko ni le kopija \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa, temve\u010d <strong>bioni\u010dni vidni sistem z zmogljivostmi, ki jih naravni vid nima<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vendar je to \u0161e vedno znanstvena in tehnolo\u0161ka perspektiva, ne klini\u010dna realnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stanje tehnologije leta 2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Od septembra 2026 je mogo\u010de lo\u010diti ve\u010d razli\u010dnih stopenj razvoja:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>tehnologija<\/th><th>Pogoj<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Argus II<\/td><td>Zgodovinsko dokazana retinalna proteza; proizvodnja je prekinjena<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PRIMA<\/td><td>Klini\u010dno dokazana tehnologija za obnovitev omejenega funkcionalnega vida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bionic Vision Technologies<\/td><td>Razvoj implantabilnih sistemov za umetni vid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Orion<\/td><td>Razvoj kortikalne vidne proteze<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>THE-BRENA<\/td><td>Umetna mre\u017enica\/vidni senzor visoke lo\u010dljivosti po biolo\u0161kem navdihu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Presaditev celotnega o\u010desa<\/td><td>Dokazano pri \u010dloveku, vendar brez povrnitve vida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Popolnoma funkcionalno elektronsko umetno oko<\/td><td>\u0160e ni dose\u017eeno<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naslednja velika meja \u2013 povezava med strojem in mo\u017egani<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glavna te\u017eava ni ve\u010d samo ustvarjanje kamere, ki je videti kot \u010dlove\u0161ko oko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sodobna mikroelektronika lahko ustvari izjemno ob\u010dutljive vizualne senzorje. Novi hemisferi\u010dni senzorji lahko celo posnemajo geometrijo mre\u017enice in obdelajo vizualne informacije neposredno v senzorju. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02685-5?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Narava<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pravi izziv je ustvariti <strong>nevronski vmesnik<\/strong>, ki lahko zanesljivo prevede elektronsko sliko v nevronske signale, ki jih razumejo \u010dlove\u0161ki mo\u017egani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To zahteva razumevanje ne le optike, ampak tudi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nevrofiziologija;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nevronsko kodiranje;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sinapti\u010dna obdelava;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plasti\u010dnost mo\u017eganov;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>regeneracija \u017eiv\u010dnega tkiva;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biokompatibilni materiali;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mikroelektronika;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>umetna inteligenca.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zato je umetno oko veliko ve\u010d kot preprosta kamera, name\u0161\u010dena v \u010dlovekovo orbito.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zaklju\u010dek<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Razvoj umetnega vida je v zadnjih desetletjih pokazal izjemen napredek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Argus II je dokazal, da lahko elektronski sistem ustvari umetno vizualno zaznavo. PRIMA je naredila \u0161e en velik korak z dokazovanjem obnovitve funkcionalnega centralnega vida pri podskupini bolnikov s hudo degeneracijo makule. Kortikalni sistemi, kot je Orion, i\u0161\u010dejo na\u010din, kako obiti po\u0161kodovano oko in neposredno komunicirati z mo\u017egani. Medtem pa nove umetne mre\u017enice po biolo\u0161kem navdihu, kot je THE-BRENA, objavljene leta 2026, ka\u017eejo, kako hitro se razvija sama tehnologija vizualnih senzorjev. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmoa2501396?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">New England Journal of Medicine<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzporedno s tem je prva presaditev celega \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa pokazala, da je mo\u017eno presaditi sam o\u010desni organ in ostati sposoben pre\u017eivetja, a za povrnitev vida je treba uspe\u0161no obnoviti izjemno kompleksno povezavo med o\u010desom in mo\u017egani. (<a href=\"https:\/\/nyulangone.org\/news\/worlds-first-whole-eye-partial-face-transplant-recipient-achieves-remarkable-recovery-viable-eye-one-year-after-landmark-surgery?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">NYU Langone Health<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zato do <strong>2026 \u0161e vedno ni umetnega o\u010desa, ki bi lahko popolnoma nadomestilo \u010dlove\u0161ko oko in obnovilo normalen \u010dlove\u0161ki vid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toda znanstvena slika je \u017ee druga\u010dna kot pred desetimi, dvajsetimi leti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danes imajo znanstveniki delujo\u010de retinalne proteze, umetne mre\u017enice, mo\u017eganske vmesnike, visokolo\u010dljive biolo\u0161ke vizualne senzorje in prvi dokazani primer presajenega celega \u010dlove\u0161kega o\u010desa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Naslednji velik korak bo zdru\u017eitev teh tehnologij v enoten sistem, ki ne samo zaznava svetlobe, ampak jo spreminja v <strong>popolno vizualno zaznavanje, razumljivo \u010dlove\u0161kim mo\u017eganom<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potem umetno oko ne bo ve\u010d samo proteza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To bo nov tip <strong>organ bioni\u010dnega vida<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Umetno oko &#8211; kako dale\u010d je pri\u0161la znanost leta 2026 Od retinalnih vsadkov do umetne mre\u017enice pri presaditvi celega o\u010desa Zamisel o izdelavi umetnega o\u010desa, ki bi v celoti nadomestilo \u010dlove\u0161ko oko pri povrnitvi vida, je \u017ee dolgo del znanstvene fantastike. V zadnjih desetletjih biomedicinski in\u017eeniring, mikroelektronika, nevroznanost v znanosti [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65283547,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[792630314],"tags":[771609254,792630320],"class_list":["post-297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-umetni-organi-kako-dalec-je-znanost-prisla-leta-2026","tag-umetno-oko","tag-792630320"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4CoHV-4N","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":291,"url":"https:\/\/vkrastev1blog.com\/2024\/05\/15\/artifitial-ear\/","url_meta":{"origin":297,"position":0},"title":"Umetno uho - 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