genel ge\u00e7ersiz printPair( \u00c7ift<Dize, Uzun><\/span> <\/b> \u00e7ift) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 System.out.println(\"(\"+pair.getFirst()+\",+pair.getSecond()+\")\");<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt> \u00c7ift<Dize, Uzun><\/span> <\/b> s\u0131n\u0131r = yeni \u00c7ift<Dize, Uzun><\/span> <\/b> (\"maksimum\",1024L);<\/tt>
\n printPair(limit);<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\u00d6rnek (joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcr):<\/p>\n
\n genel ge\u00e7ersiz printPair( \u00c7ift<?,?><\/span> <\/b> \u00e7ift) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 System.out.println(\"(\"+pair.getFirst()+\",+pair.getSecond()+\")\");<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt> \u00c7ift<?,?><\/span> <\/b> s\u0131n\u0131r = yeni \u00c7ift<Dize, Uzun><\/span> <\/b> (\"maksimum\",1024L);<\/tt>
\n printPair(limit);<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\nGenel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u00f6rnekleri ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc temsilini, yani ham t\u00fcr\u00fcn temsilini payla\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, genel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6rnekleri Liste<\/tt> , \u00f6rne\u011fin Liste<Tarih><\/tt> , List<String><\/tt> , Liste<Long><\/tt> vb. derleme zaman\u0131nda farkl\u0131 statik t\u00fcrlere sahiptir ancak ayn\u0131 dinamik t\u00fcre sahiptir Liste <\/tt> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
Bir oyuncu kadrosu iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n
\n- derleme zaman\u0131nda derleyici taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen statik tip kontrol\u00fc ve<\/li>\n
- \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda sanal makine taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen dinamik t\u00fcr kontrol\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Statik k\u0131s\u0131m, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayan sa\u00e7ma sapan yay\u0131nlar\u0131 (\u00f6r. Sicim<\/tt> O Tarih<\/tt> veya itibaren List<String><\/tt> O Liste<Tarih><\/tt> .<\/p>\n
Dinamik k\u0131s\u0131m, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 t\u00fcr bilgisini kullan\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr kontrol\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.\u00a0 Bir y\u00fckseltir ClassCastException<\/tt> nesnenin dinamik t\u00fcr\u00fc, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn hedef t\u00fcr\u00fc (veya hedef t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir alt t\u00fcr\u00fc) de\u011filse. Dinamik par\u00e7al\u0131 oyuncu kadrosuna \u00f6rnek olarak \u015funlar verilebilir: Nesne<\/tt> O Sicim<\/tt> veya itibaren Nesne<\/tt> O List<String><\/tt> .\u00a0 Bunlar, bir \u00fcst tipten bir alt tipe kadar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru olanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Somut parametreli t\u00fcrlerin \u00f6rnekleri \u015funlard\u0131r: List<String><\/tt> , Harita<Dize, Tarih><\/tt> , ama de\u011fil Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> veya Harita<String,?><\/tt> .<\/p>\n
Bazen beklenir ki List<Object><\/tt> bir s\u00fcper tip olurdu List<String><\/tt> , \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Nesne<\/tt> bir s\u00fcper t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr Sicim<\/tt> .\u00a0 Bu beklenti diziler i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir ili\u015fkinin mevcut olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r:\u00a0 Nesne[]<\/tt> bir s\u00fcper t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr Sicim[]<\/tt> , \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Nesne<\/tt> bir s\u00fcper t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr Sicim<\/tt> . (Bu t\u00fcr bir ili\u015fki \u015fu \u015fekilde bilinir: kovaryans<\/i> .) Bile\u015fen t\u00fcrlerinin s\u00fcper alt t\u00fcr ili\u015fkisi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen dizi t\u00fcrlerine kadar uzan\u0131r. Genel t\u00fcrlerin \u00f6rnekleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir t\u00fcr ili\u015fkisi mevcut de\u011fildir. (Parametreli tipler Olumsuz<\/i> kovaryant.)<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 genel t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda bir \u00fcst alt t\u00fcr ili\u015fkisinin bulunmamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u00a0 \u0130\u015fte bir \u00f6rnek.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n
void printAll(ArrayList<Object> c) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 i\u00e7in (Nesne o : c)\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 System.out.println(o);<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt> ArrayList<String> listesi = new ArrayList<String>();<\/tt>
\n ... listeyi doldur ...<\/tt>
\n printAll(liste);\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hata<\/tt><\/p>\n
A DiziList<String><\/tt> nesne, talep eden bir y\u00f6nteme arg\u00fcman olarak aktar\u0131lamaz. DiziList<Object><\/tt> \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc iki t\u00fcr ayn\u0131 genel t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6rnekleridir, ancak farkl\u0131<\/i> tip arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu nedenle birbirleriyle uyumlu de\u011fildirler.<\/p>\n
Somut parametreli t\u00fcrler, genel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn somut \u00f6rnekleridir.\u00a0 Neredeyse benzer tiplerdir; yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131tlama vard\u0131r.\u00a0 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ama\u00e7larla KULLANILAMAZ:<\/p>\n
\n- dizilerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in<\/li>\n
- istisna i\u015flemede<\/li>\n
- bir s\u0131n\u0131fta<\/li>\n
- bir \u015fekilde \u00f6rne\u011fi<\/tt> ifade<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00fcr\u00fc somut parametreli t\u00fcr olan \u00f6\u011feleri tutan diziler yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (ge\u00e7ersiz dizi t\u00fcr\u00fc):<\/p>\n
statik bo\u015fluk testi() {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00c7ift<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131>[]<\/span> <\/b> intPairArr = yeni \u00c7ift<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131>[10]<\/span> <\/b> ; \/\/ hata<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0 addElements(intPairArr);\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 Pair<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131> \u00e7ift = intPairArr[1];<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 Tamsay\u0131 i = \u00e7ift.getFirst();<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00e7ift.setSecond(i);<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt>
\n statik void addElements ( Nesne[]<\/b> objArr) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 objArr[0] = new Pair<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131>(0,0);<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 objArr[1] = new Pair<String,String>(\"\"\");\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ ArrayStoreException ile ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmal\u0131<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p>\nDerleyici, bile\u015fen t\u00fcr\u00fc somut parametreli t\u00fcr olan dizilerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklar; \u00c7ift<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131><\/tt> bizim \u00f6rne\u011fimizde.\u00a0 \u00d6nceki giri\u015fte derleyicinin bir sertifikay\u0131 nitelendirmesinin neden makul oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00c7ift<Tamsay\u0131,Tamsay\u0131>[]<\/tt> <\/span> yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak.\u00a0 Temel sorun, derleyici ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 sisteminin bir dizinin bir dizi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. homojen<\/i> ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden elemanlar\u0131n dizisi.\u00a0 T\u00fcr kontrollerinden biri, yani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda sanal makine taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen dizi-depolama-kontrol, rahats\u0131z edici bir yabanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011fenin eklenmesini tespit etmekte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur. \u00d6rnekte ikinci ekleme addElements<\/tt> y\u00f6ntem ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmal\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir dizi integral de\u011fere bir \u00e7ift dize ekliyorlard\u0131, ancak beklendi\u011fi gibi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmuyor. Bunun nedenleri bir \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\nT\u00fcr\u00fc somut parametreli t\u00fcr olan \u00f6\u011feleri tutan dizileri kullanam\u0131yorsak ge\u00e7ici \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak ne kullan\u0131r\u0131z?<\/p>\n
Akla gelebilecek 3 ge\u00e7ici \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
\n- ham t\u00fcr dizisi<\/li>\n
- s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcr dizisi<\/li>\n
- dizi yerine koleksiyon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Somut parametreli t\u00fcrlerin dizileri yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olsa da, somut parametreli t\u00fcrlerin toplanmas\u0131na izin verilir.<\/p>\n
Joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcr, en az bir t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeninin joker karakter oldu\u011fu genel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fidir.\u00a0 Joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerin \u00f6rnekleri \u015funlard\u0131r: Koleksiyon<?><\/tt> , Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> , Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<? s\u00fcper String><\/tt> Ve \u00c7ift<String,?><\/tt> . Joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcr, genel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn somut \u00f6rneklemelerini i\u00e7eren bir t\u00fcr ailesini belirtir.\u00a0 Kullan\u0131lan joker karakter t\u00fcr\u00fc, hangi somut parametreli t\u00fcrlerin aileye ait oldu\u011funu belirler.\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin, joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcr Koleksiyon<?><\/tt> t\u00fcm \u00f6rneklerin ailesini belirtir Koleksiyon<\/tt> t\u00fcr arg\u00fcman\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak aray\u00fcz.\u00a0 Joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcr Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> \u00f6\u011fe t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir alt t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm liste t\u00fcrlerinin ailesini belirtir\u00a0 Say\u0131<\/tt> .\u00a0 Joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcr Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<? s\u00fcper String><\/tt> t\u00fcm \u00f6rneklerin ailesidir Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/tt> s\u00fcper t\u00fcrleri olan t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeni t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in aray\u00fcz Sicim.<\/tt><\/p>\n
Joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcr, normal anlamda bir t\u00fcr de\u011fildir (parametrele\u015ftirilmemi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131ftan\/arabirimden veya ham t\u00fcrden farkl\u0131).<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\nYazmak i\u00e7in joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcrler kullan\u0131labilir (parametrele\u015ftirilmemi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131flar ve aray\u00fczler gibi):<\/p>\n
\n- arg\u00fcman ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6ntemleri olarak<\/li>\n
- bir alan\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc veya yerel referans de\u011fi\u015fkeni olarak<\/li>\n
- bir dizinin bile\u015fen t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak di\u011fer parametreli t\u00fcrlerin t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeni olarak<\/li>\n
- yay\u0131nlarda hedef t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Yaln\u0131zca t\u00fcrler genel olamaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00f6ntemler de genel olabilir. Statik ve statik olmayan y\u00f6ntemlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yap\u0131c\u0131lar da t\u00fcr parametrelerine sahip olabilir. Resmi t\u00fcr parametrelerinin bildirimine ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zdizimi, genel t\u00fcrlerin s\u00f6zdizimine benzer. T\u00fcr parametresi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 ayra\u00e7larla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve y\u00f6ntemin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. S\u00f6zdizimi ve anlam\u0131, genel bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcr parametre listesiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte genel bir \u00f6rnek maksimum<\/tt> Bilinmeyen t\u00fcrden \u00f6\u011felerden olu\u015fan bir koleksiyondaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri hesaplayan y\u00f6ntem A<\/tt> .<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (genel bir y\u00f6ntemin):<\/p>\n
s\u0131n\u0131f Koleksiyonlar {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel statik <A Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<A>> A'y\u0131 geni\u015fletir<\/span> <\/b> max(Koleksiyon< A<\/span> <\/b> > xs) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yineleyici< A<\/span> <\/b> > xi = xs.iterator();<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A<\/span> <\/b> w = xi.sonraki();<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 while (xi.hasNext()) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A<\/span> <\/b> x = xi.sonraki();<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if (w.compareTo(x) < 0) w = x;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 w'ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }\u00a0<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nBu maksimum<\/tt> y\u00f6ntemin ad\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr parametresi vard\u0131r A<\/tt> .\u00a0 Y\u00f6ntemin \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 koleksiyonun \u00f6\u011fe t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in yer tutucudur. type parametresinin bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r; alt t\u00fcr\u00fc olan bir t\u00fcr olmal\u0131d\u0131r Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<A><\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (ayn\u0131 genel t\u00fcrden, bu sefer ile<\/i> s\u0131n\u0131rlar):<\/p>\n genel aray\u00fcz Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<T> {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public int CompareTo(T arg);<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt>
\n genel s\u0131n\u0131f TreeMap<Key Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<Key>'yi geni\u015fletir<\/span> <\/b> ,Veri>{<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00f6zel statik s\u0131n\u0131f Entry<K,V> {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K tu\u015fu;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V de\u011feri;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Giri\u015f<K,V> sol = null;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Giri\u015f<K,V> sa\u011f = null;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Giri\u015f<K,V> \u00fcst \u00f6\u011fe;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00f6zel ge\u00e7ici Entry<Key,Data> root = null;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 ...<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00f6zel Entry<Key,Data> getEntry(Anahtar anahtar\u0131) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Giri\u015f<Key,Data> p = k\u00f6k;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anahtar k = anahtar;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 while (p != null) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int cmp = k. CompareTo(p.key)<\/span> <\/b> ;\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e\u011fer (cmp == 0)<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 p'yi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 else if (cmp < 0)<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 p = p.sol;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ba\u015fka\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 p = p.sa\u011f;\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bo\u015f de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcr;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public boolean includeKey(Anahtar anahtar\u0131) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return getEntry(anahtar) != null;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 ...<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nYukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte type parametresi Anahtar<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 var Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<Anahtar><\/tt> .\u00a0 Bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n belirtilmesinin iki etkisi vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n- S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n belirtti\u011fi y\u00f6ntemlere eri\u015fim sa\u011flar<\/i> .\u00a0 \u00d6rnekte, s\u0131n\u0131r Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<Anahtar> <\/tt> eri\u015fim sa\u011flar kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r<\/tt> uygulamam\u0131zda kullanmak istedi\u011fimiz y\u00f6ntem A\u011fa\u00e7 Haritas\u0131<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- Genel t\u00fcr\u00fcn ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca “s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n i\u00e7indeki” t\u00fcrler kullan\u0131labilir.<\/i> \u00a0 \u00d6rnekte, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi parametreli bir t\u00fcr A\u011fa\u00e7 Haritas\u0131<Numara,Dize><\/tt> t\u00fcr\u00fc nedeniyle reddedilecektir. Say\u0131<\/tt> bir alt t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fildir Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<Numara><\/tt> .\u00a0 Gibi parametreli bir t\u00fcr A\u011fa\u00e7 Haritas\u0131<Dize, Dize><\/tt> kabul edilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc String t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7indedir, yani bir alt t\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<String><\/tt> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e ve i\u00e7 t\u00fcrler de dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar, arabirimler ve numaraland\u0131rma t\u00fcrleri, t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir.\u00a0 T\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak ne ilkel t\u00fcrler ne de dizi t\u00fcrleri kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnekler (tip parametresi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin):<\/p>\n
s\u0131n\u0131f X0 <T geni\u015fliyor int<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hata<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X1 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Nesne[]<\/span> <\/b> > { ... } \/\/ hata<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X2 <T geni\u015fliyor Say\u0131<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n X3 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Sicim<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n X4 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 <T geni\u015fletiliyor \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X5 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Konu.Durum<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X6 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Liste<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X7 <T geni\u015fletiliyor List<String><\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X8 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f X9 <T geni\u015fletiliyor Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<? s\u00fcper Numara><\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt>
\n X10<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 geni\u015fletiliyor Harita.Giri\u015f<?,?><\/span> <\/b> > { ... }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nKod \u00f6rne\u011fi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ilkel t\u00fcrlerin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir: int<\/tt> ve dizi t\u00fcrleri gibi Nesne[] <\/tt> t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak izin verilmez.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131f t\u00fcrleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin Say\u0131<\/tt> veya Sicim<\/tt> ve aray\u00fcz t\u00fcrleri gibi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<\/tt> , t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak izin verilir.<\/p>\n
Enum t\u00fcrleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin Konu.Durum<\/tt> t\u00fcr parametresine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da izin verilir. Konu.Durum<\/tt> t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcn bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.\u00a0 Statik olmayan i\u00e7 tiplere de izin verilir.<\/p>\n
Ham t\u00fcrlere, t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak izin verilir; Liste<\/span> <\/tt> bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\nParametreli tiplere, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler gibi somut parametreli tipler de dahil olmak \u00fczere, tip parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak izin verilir: List<String><\/tt> , s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcrler gibi Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> Ve Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<? s\u00fcper Uzun><\/tt> ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z joker karakter parametreli t\u00fcrler gibi Harita.Giri\u015f<?,?><\/tt> .\u00a0 Joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f bir t\u00fcr olan bir s\u0131n\u0131r, joker karakterin belirtti\u011fi t\u00fcr ailesine ait t\u00fcm t\u00fcrlere t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeni olarak izin verir.\u00a0 Joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, alanlara ve y\u00f6ntemlere yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 eri\u015fim sa\u011flar; k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar joker karakterin t\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (tip parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak joker karakterle parametrelendirilmi\u015f t\u00fcr):<\/p>\n
X< s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 T List<'yi geni\u015fletiyor mu? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/span> <\/b> > {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel void someMethod(T t) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t.add(yeni Uzun(0L));\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hata<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Say\u0131 n = t.remove(0);<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt>
\n s\u0131n\u0131f Testi {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public static void main(String[] args) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span> <\/b> X<ArrayList<<\/span> Uzun<\/span> <\/b> >> x1 = yeni X<ArrayList<Long>>();\u00a0<\/span> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X<ArrayList<<\/span> Sicim<\/span> <\/b> >> x2 = yeni X<ArrayList<String>>(); <\/span> \/\/ hata<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nT\u00fcr\u00fcn referans de\u011fi\u015fkenleri T <\/tt> (tip parametresi), bir joker karakter t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (s\u0131n\u0131rlanan t\u00fcr parametresi) referans de\u011fi\u015fkenleri gibi ele al\u0131n\u0131r.\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fimizde sonu\u00e7, derleyicinin type parametresinin temsil etti\u011fi “bilinmeyen” t\u00fcrden bir arg\u00fcman alan y\u00f6ntemlerin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 reddetmesidir; Liste.ekle<\/tt> \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131r, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olan joker karakter parametreli bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr.
\nAyn\u0131 zamanda ba\u011fl\u0131 Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> T\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenleri olarak kullan\u0131labilecek t\u00fcrleri belirler. Derleyici, t\u00fcr ailesine ait olan t\u00fcm t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenlerini kabul eder. Liste<? Number>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> yani t\u00fcm alt t\u00fcrleri Liste<\/tt> alt t\u00fcr\u00fc olan bir t\u00fcr arg\u00fcman\u0131yla Say\u0131<\/tt> .<\/p>\n
Bir t\u00fcr parametresi ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr parametresinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (bir t\u00fcr parametresi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan bir t\u00fcr parametresinin):<\/p>\n
s\u0131n\u0131f \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc <T><\/b> {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00f6zel T fst, snd, trd;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 halka a\u00e7\u0131k < sen<\/b> T'yi uzat\u0131r<\/span> <\/b> , V T'yi uzat\u0131r<\/span> <\/b> , W T'yi uzat\u0131r<\/span> <\/b> > \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc(U arg1, V arg2, W arg3) {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fst = arg1;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 snd = arg2;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 trd = arg3;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nBu \u00f6rnekte type parametresi T<\/tt> parametreli s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc parametrelerinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r sen<\/tt> ,\u00a0 V<\/tt> Ve W<\/tt> o s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n parametreli \u00f6rnek y\u00f6nteminin.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr parametrelerini di\u011fer t\u00fcr parametrelerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olarak kullanmaya y\u00f6nelik di\u011fer f\u0131rsatlar aras\u0131nda, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn genel bir t\u00fcr i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yerel bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n genel bir y\u00f6ntem i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar yer al\u0131r.\u00a0 Ayn\u0131 tip parametre b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir tip parametresinin ba\u015fka bir tip parametresine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na bile izin verilir.<\/p>\n
Bir s\u0131n\u0131f olan s\u0131n\u0131r, t\u00fcm ortak \u00fcyelerine, yani ortak alanlara, y\u00f6ntemlere ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f t\u00fcrlere eri\u015fim sa\u011flar. S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n bir alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rla ayn\u0131 kuruculara sahip oldu\u011funun garantisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca yap\u0131c\u0131lara eri\u015filemez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek (bir t\u00fcr parametresinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n):<\/p>\n
kamu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 S\u00fcper S\u0131n\u0131f<\/span> {<\/tt> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ statik \u00fcyeler<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public enum EnumType {THIS, BU}<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 genel statik Nesne staticField;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public static void staticMethod() { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ statik olmayan \u00fcyeler<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 genel s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130\u00e7 S\u0131n\u0131f { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public Object nonStaticField;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public void nonStaticMethod() { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ yap\u0131c\u0131lar<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 genel S\u00fcper S\u0131n\u0131f() { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u00f6zel \u00fcyeler<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6zel Nesne PrivateField;\u00a0<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ...<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p>\n
genel final s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 SomeClass<T geni\u015fletiliyor S\u00fcper S\u0131n\u0131f<\/span> <\/b> > {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6zel T nesnesi;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public Baz\u0131S\u0131n\u0131flar(T t) { nesne = t; }\u00a0<\/tt><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public String toString() {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 geri d\u00f6nmek<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"statik i\u00e7 i\u00e7e t\u00fcr\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+T.EnumType.class+\"\\n\"\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"statik alan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+T.staticField+\"\\n\"<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"statik y\u00f6ntem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+T.staticMethod()+\"\\n\"<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"statik olmayan i\u00e7 i\u00e7e t\u00fcr: \"+T.InnerClass.class+\"\\n\"<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"statik olmayan alan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+object.nonStaticField+\"\\n\"<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"statik olmayan y\u00f6ntem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+object.nonStaticMethod()+\"\\n\"<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"yap\u0131c\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+(yeni T())+\"\\n\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hata<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +\"\u00f6zel \u00fcye\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \"+object.privateField+\"\\n\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hata\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 S\u00fcper S\u0131n\u0131f<\/tt> i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f t\u00fcrlerine, statik alanlar\u0131na ve y\u00f6ntemlerine ve statik olmayan alan ve y\u00f6ntemlerine eri\u015fim sa\u011flar.\u00a0 Yaln\u0131zca yap\u0131c\u0131ya eri\u015filemez.\u00a0 Bunun nedeni yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n miras al\u0131nmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Her alt s\u0131n\u0131f kendi kurucular\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kurucular\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesi gerekmez.\u00a0 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n garantisi yoktur. S\u00fcper S\u0131n\u0131f<\/tt> \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla ayn\u0131 kurucuya sahip olacak.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ba\u011flam Enum<E, Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> “g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re beyan\u0131 Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> paketteki s\u0131n\u0131f java.lang<\/tt> :<\/p>\n genel soyut s\u0131n\u0131f Enum<E, Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/b> {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 ...<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
T\u00fcr Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> t\u00fcm numaraland\u0131rma t\u00fcrlerinin ortak temel s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Java’da \u015f\u00f6yle bir numaraland\u0131rma t\u00fcr\u00fc Renk<\/tt> bir s\u0131n\u0131fa \u00e7evrildi Renk<\/tt> bu uzan\u0131r Enum<Color><\/tt> . S\u00fcper s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n amac\u0131 Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> t\u00fcm numaraland\u0131rma t\u00fcrlerinde ortak olan i\u015flevselli\u011fi sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir tasla\u011f\u0131 Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> :<\/p>\n genel soyut s\u0131n\u0131f Enum< e<\/span> Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletir<\/b> Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir<'yi uygular e<\/span> <\/b> >, Serile\u015ftirilebilir {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 \u00f6zel son Dize ad\u0131;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel son Dize ad\u0131() { ... }<\/tt> \u00a0 \u00f6zel final int ordinal;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel final int ordinal() { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n \u00a0 korumal\u0131 Enum(Dize ad\u0131, int s\u0131ra) { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0 public String\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 toString() { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel final boole e\u015fittir (Di\u011fer nesne) { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel final int hashCode() { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 korumal\u0131 son Nesne clone(), CloneNotSupportedException'\u0131 atar { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel final int CompareTo( e<\/span> <\/b> o) { ... }<\/tt><\/p>\n \u00a0 genel final Class< e<\/span> <\/b> > getDeclaringClass() { ... }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T> enumType, String name) { ... }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\nDeklarasyondaki \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellik” Enum<E, Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> “yeni tan\u0131mlanan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fidir Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> ve yeni tan\u0131mlanan t\u00fcr parametresi e <\/tt> ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr parametrenin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.\u00a0 Bu \u015fu anlama gelir: Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> t\u00fcr\u00fcn alt t\u00fcrlerinden biri i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00a0 Bunun neden anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in her numaraland\u0131rma t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir alt t\u00fcre \u00e7evrildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> .<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte yapmac\u0131k enum t\u00fcr\u00fc Renk<\/tt> :<\/p>\n numaraland\u0131rma Renk<\/b> {KIRMIZI, MAV\u0130, YE\u015e\u0130L}<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Derleyici bunu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u0131n\u0131fa \u00e7evirir:<\/p>\n
genel final dersi Renk<\/b> uzan\u0131r Enum<Color><\/b> {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public static final Renk[] de\u011ferler() { return (Renk[])$VALUES.clone(); }<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 public static Color valueOf(Dize ad\u0131) { ... }<\/tt> \u00a0 \u00f6zel Color(String s, int i) { super(s, i); }<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0 genel statik son Renk KIRMIZI;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel statik son Renk MAV\u0130;<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 genel statik son Renk YE\u015e\u0130L;<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00f6zel statik son Renk $VALUES[];<\/tt><\/p>\n
\u00a0 statik {<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KIRMIZI = yeni Renk(\"KIRMIZI\", 0);<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MAV\u0130 = yeni Renk(\"MAV\u0130\", 1);<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YE\u015e\u0130L = new Renk(\"YE\u015e\u0130L\", 2);<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 $DE\u011eERLER = (yeni Renk[] { KIRMIZI, MAV\u0130, YE\u015e\u0130L });<\/tt>
\n \u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Miras\u0131n etkisi vard\u0131r Renk<\/tt> type, uygulanan t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemleri miras al\u0131r Enum<Color><\/tt> .\u00a0 Bunlar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r<\/tt> Y\u00f6ntem.\u00a0 Renk. kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r<\/tt> y\u00f6ntem muhtemelen bir almal\u0131 Renk<\/tt> bir arg\u00fcman olarak.\u00a0 Bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> geneldir ve Enum.compareTo<\/tt> y\u00f6ntem al\u0131r Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> ‘in t\u00fcr parametresi e <\/tt> bir arg\u00fcman olarak.\u00a0 Sonu\u00e7 olarak yaz\u0131n Renk<\/tt> t\u00fcretilmi\u015f Enum<Color><\/tt> miras al\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r<\/tt> alan bir y\u00f6ntem Renk<\/tt> ve arg\u00fcman, tam olarak olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi.
\nBildiriyi incelersek “ Enum<E, Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> “Bu modelin \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Birincisi, s\u0131n\u0131rlanan t\u00fcr parametresinin t\u00fcr\u00fcn kendisi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi var: “ Numaraland\u0131rma<\/b> <E geni\u015fliyor Numaraland\u0131rma<\/b> <E>><\/tt> “. T\u00fcr\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca alt t\u00fcrlerinin olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenleri olarak izin verilir. (Teorik olarak yaz\u0131n Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> oldu\u011fu gibi kendi kendine \u00f6rneklenebilir Enum<Enum><\/tt> ancak bu kesinlikle ama\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rneklemenin yararl\u0131 olabilece\u011fi bir durumu hayal etmek zordur.)<\/p>\n
\u0130kincisi, parametreye ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn parametreli t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi vard\u0131r. Numaraland\u0131rma <E><\/b> <\/tt> type parametresini kullanan e<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n t\u00fcr arg\u00fcman\u0131 olarak. Bu bildirim, bir alt t\u00fcr ile bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturma aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131t\u0131m ili\u015fkisinin garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> formdad\u0131r X, Enum<X>'yi geni\u015fletir<\/tt> “. Gibi bir alt t\u00fcr “ X, Enum<Y>'yi geni\u015fletir<\/tt> ” type arg\u00fcman\u0131 nedeniyle bildirilemiyor e<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde olmayacak; yaln\u0131zca alt t\u00fcrleri Enum<X><\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc \u015fu ger\u00e7ek var Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> \u00f6ncelikle geneldir.\u00a0 Bu, baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f y\u00f6ntemlerinin oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> bir arg\u00fcman al\u0131n veya bilinmeyen t\u00fcrde bir de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcn (ya da bilinmeyen bir t\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131). Zaten bildi\u011fimiz gibi bu bilinmeyen t\u00fcr daha sonra bir alt t\u00fcr olacak X<\/tt> ile ilgili Enum<X><\/tt> .\u00a0 Bu nedenle, parametreli tipte Enum<X><\/tt> , bu y\u00f6ntemler alt t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7erir X<\/tt> ve alt t\u00fcre miras al\u0131n\u0131rlar X<\/tt> .\u00a0 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r<\/tt> y\u00f6ntem b\u00f6yle bir y\u00f6ntemin \u00f6rne\u011fidir; \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131ftan her alt s\u0131n\u0131fa miras al\u0131n\u0131r ve her durumda alt s\u0131n\u0131fa \u00f6zg\u00fc bir imzaya sahiptir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zetlemek gerekirse, deklarasyon “ Enum<E, Enum<E>>'yi geni\u015fletiyor<\/tt> “\u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir: Numaraland\u0131rma<\/tt> yaln\u0131zca alt t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in \u00f6rneklenebilen genel bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve bu alt t\u00fcrler, baz\u0131lar\u0131 alt t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc arg\u00fcmanlar alan (veya ba\u015fka \u015fekilde alt t\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 olan) baz\u0131 yararl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri miras al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Alt S\u0131n\u0131r Tipi Parametreleri<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u00fcr parametrelerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi birka\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olabilir: Box<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Number>'yi geni\u015fletir {...}<\/tt> . Ancak bir t\u00fcr parametresinin alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olamaz, yani \u015f\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131 olamaz: s\u0131n\u0131f Box<T Harika<\/b> Say\u0131> {...}<\/tt> izin verilmez.\u00a0 Neden?\u00a0 Cevap \u015fu: anlams\u0131z \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc izin verilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131 size hi\u00e7bir \u015fey sat\u0131n almazd\u0131.\u00a0 Bir t\u00fcr parametresindeki \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini ke\u015ffederek s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131r t\u00fcr parametrelerinin neden kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n
Bir t\u00fcr parametresindeki \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 etkisi vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\n\n- K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u00d6rnekleme.<\/i> <\/b> \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r, genel t\u00fcr\u00fcn ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek t\u00fcr k\u00fcmesini k\u0131s\u0131tlar.\u00a0 E\u011fer bir ilan edersek Box<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Number>'yi geni\u015fletir {...} <\/tt> o zaman derleyici yaln\u0131zca alt t\u00fcrlerin olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar Say\u0131<\/tt> t\u00fcr arg\u00fcman\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir.\u00a0 Yani, bir Kutu<Numara><\/tt> veya bir Kutu<Uzun><\/tt> izin verilir, ancak bir Kutu<Nesne><\/tt> veya Kutu<String><\/tt> reddedilecekti<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ol>\n
\u00d6rnek (bir t\u00fcr parametresindeki \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r nedeniyle k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6rnekleme):
\n Box<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Number>'yi geni\u015fletir {\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6zel T de\u011feri;\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 genel Kutu(T t) { de\u011fer = t; }\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 ...<\/tt>
\n }\u00a0<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131f Testi {\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 public static void main(String[] args) {\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Box<Long> boxOfLong = yeni Box<Long>(0L);\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ iyi<\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Box<String> boxOfString = new Box<String>(\"\"); \/\/ hata: String s\u0131n\u0131rlar dahilinde de\u011fil<\/span> <\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 }<\/tt>
\n }<\/tt><\/p>\n\n- Statik Olmayan \u00dcyelere Eri\u015fim. <\/i> <\/b> \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n t\u00fcm genel statik olmayan y\u00f6ntemlerine ve alanlar\u0131na eri\u015fim sa\u011flar.\u00a0 Uygulamam\u0131z\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda Box<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Number>'yi geni\u015fletir {...}<\/tt> s\u0131n\u0131fta tan\u0131mlanan t\u00fcm genel statik olmayan y\u00f6ntemleri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rabiliriz Say\u0131<\/tt> , \u00f6rne\u011fin intValue()<\/tt> \u00f6rne\u011fin.\u00a0 \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r olmadan derleyici b\u00f6yle bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 reddeder. \u00d6rnek (bir t\u00fcr parametresindeki \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r nedeniyle statik olmayan \u00fcyelere eri\u015fim):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Box<T s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Number>'yi geni\u015fletir {\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6zel T de\u011feri;\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 genel Kutu(T t) { de\u011fer = t; }\u00a0<\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 public int art\u0131r\u0131m() { return value.intValue()+1; } \/\/ <= Say\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olmadan bir hata olur<\/b> <\/tt>
\n \u00a0\u00a0 ...<\/tt>